Ubuntu – When will the application be reviewed

On the page you link to it says:

Canonical provides this packaging service to you free of charge.

and goes on to explain how to lay out the tarball containing your binaries.

If you create such a tarball and submit it via MyApps then all the packaging will be done for you. As it says at the bottom you can provide a source package if you like, but it's not required. Note that this is specific to closed-source or for-pay apps, anything that is libre and gratis has a different process currently.

As for your other questions:

How is the 32-vs-64 bit thing handled?

You can just upload 32-bit if you like as that works on 64-bit too. If you want to upload 32-bit and 64-bit then build it twice and put the results in "i386" and "amd64" subdirectories.

How is supporting different versions of Ubuntu handled -- 10.04, 10.10, 11.04, 11.10, etc?

You can specify which versions of Ubuntu your uploaded binaries work for as part of the submission process.

How are dependencies handled. If, for instance, my app depends on SDL, how do I specify that?

That will be added as part of the packaging process. If you want to add a comment specifying the dependencies then it will likely speed things up.

If I don't want to distribute source code for my application (which is a proprietary license), is there a clean way to indicate that source shouldn't go with the app?

As stated you don't have to provide the source at all.

If I'm not using autoconf/automake, does my Makefile need to be set up in a particular way, or are the autotools required?

Any build system supported in Ubuntu is allowed. If you are using plain Makefiles then that's fine. However, if you're only uploading binaries that's not an issue.

There are two "queues" ARB and "commercial/paid". For both the review pending stage takes the longest. This is where the submission is made into a package. If you submitted debian package source (the output of dpkg-buildpackage -S) then this stage will take a very short time. If you didn't follow instructions and submitted a binary deb the process takes MUCH longer as we have to deconstruct and subsequently reconstruct the .deb. If you submit a simple tarball, the packaging process is completely dependent on the complexity of the package.

The stages post review pending are quick. Once the app is packaged it goes to QA and once through QA (usually 24/36 hours max) then back to the developer to be listed.

I hope that helps...