I'm learning about the relationship between processes, process groups (and sessions) in Linux.
I compiled the following program…
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <unistd.h>
int main( int argc, char* argv[] )
{
char buf[128];
time_t now;
struct tm* tm_now;
while ( true )
{
time( &now );
tm_now = localtime( &now );
strftime( buf, sizeof(buf), "%a, %d %b %Y %T %z", tm_now );
std::cout << buf << std::endl;
sleep(5);
}
return 0;
}
… to a.out
and ran it as a background process like so…
a.out &
This website says the following…
Every process is member of a unique process group, identified by its
process group ID. (When the process is created, it becomes a member of
the process group of its parent.) By convention, the process group ID
of a process group equals the process ID of the first member of the
process group, called the process group leader.
Per my reading, the first sentence conflicts with the in-parentheses content: is a process a member of a unique process group, or is it a member of the process group of its parent?
I tried to investigate with ps
…
ps xao pid,ppid,pgid,sid,command | grep "PGID\|a.out"
PID PPID PGID SID COMMAND
24714 23890 24714 23890 ./a.out
This tells me my a.out
process is pid 24714
, spawned from parent pid 23890
and part of program group 24714
. To begin with, I don't understand why this pgid matches the pid.
Next, I tried to investigate the parent process…
ps xao pid,ppid,pgid,sid,command | grep "PGID\|23890"
PID PPID PGID SID COMMAND
23890 11892 23890 23890 bash
24714 23890 24714 23890 ./a.out
It makes sense to me that the parent process of my a.out
is bash
. At first I thought "bash's pid matches its pgid – that must be because it's the process group leader. Maybe that makes sense because bash is kind of the "first thing" that got run, from which I ran my process." But that reasoning doesn't make sense because a.out
's pgid also matches its own pid.
Why doesn't a.out
's pgid equal bash
's pgid? That's what I would have expected, from my understanding of the quote.
Can someone clarify the relationship between pids and pgids?
Best Answer
There is no conflict; a process will by default be in a unique process group which is the process group of its parent:
The
fork
splits our process into parent (12495
) and child (12496
), and the child belongs to the unique process group of the parent (12495
).bash
departs from this because it issues additional system calls:And then in another terminal we run:
And then back in the first terminal:
And then we control+c the
strace
, and inspect the system calls:bash
has used thesetpgid
call to set the process group, thus placing ourpg
process into process group unrelated to that of the shell. (setsid(2)
would be another way to tweak the process group, if you're hunting for system calls.)