executablelinuxosx
I want to execute a program (which I know was written in C++), but I get this error:
zsh: exec format error: ./myProgram
Output of file myProgram:
myProgram: Mach-O i386 executable
My system is a 64-bit Linux. I also tried on a 32-bit Ubuntu VM, but I get:
bash: ./myProgram: cannot execute binary file: Exec format error
Why wasn't I able execute that program? How can I execute it?
You forget one crucial thing, namely that your program will have to interact with the operating system to do anything interesting.
The conventions are different between Linux and OS X so the same binary cannot run as-is without essentially having a chunk of operating system dependent code to be able to interact with it. Many of these things are provided through libraries, which you then need to link in, and that means your program needs to be linkable, and linking is also different between the two systems.
And so it goes on and on. What on the surface sounds like doing the same thing is very different in the actual details.
lscpu is telling you that your architecture is i686 (an Intel 32-bit CPU), and that your CPU supports both 32-bit and 64-bit operating modes. You won't be able to install x64 built applications since they're built specifically for x64 architectures.
Your particular CPU can handle either the i386 or i686 built packages. There are a number of ways to verify your architecture & OS preferences.
As you're already aware, you can use the command lscpu. It works well at giving you a rough idea of what you're CPU is capable of.
$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
CPU(s): 4
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 2
CPU socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 37
Stepping: 5
CPU MHz: 1199.000
Virtualization: VT-x
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 3072K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
This is actually the data provided by the kernel that most of the tools such as lscpu use to display. I find this output a little nice in the fact that it shows you some model number info about your particular CPU. Also it will show you a section for each core that your CPU may have.
Here's output for a single core:
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 37
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz
stepping : 5
cpu MHz : 1466.000
cache size : 3072 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 4
core id : 0
cpu cores : 2
apicid : 0
initial apicid : 0
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 11
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes lahf_lm ida arat tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid
bogomips : 5319.74
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:
Here's what the first 3 lines of each section for a core looks like:
$ grep processor -A 3 /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 37
--
processor : 1
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 37
--
processor : 2
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 37
--
processor : 3
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 37
The output from /proc/cpuinfo can also tell you the type of architecture your CPU is providing through the various flags that it shows. Notice these lines from the above command:
$ grep /proc/cpuinfo | head -1
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes lahf_lm ida arat tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid
The flags that end in _lm tell you that your processor support "long mode". Long mode is another name for 64-bit.
This command can be used to determine what platform your kernel was built to support. For example:
64-bit kernel
$ uname -a
Linux grinchy 2.6.35.14-106.fc14.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Nov 23 13:07:52 UTC 2011 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
32-bit kernel
$ uname -a
Linux skinner.bubba.net 2.6.18-238.19.1.el5.centos.plus #1 SMP Mon Jul 18 10:07:01 EDT 2011 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
This output can be refined a bit further using the switches, [-m|--machine], [-p|--processor], and [-i|--hardware-platform].
Here's that output for the same above systems.
64-bit
$ uname -m; uname -p; uname -i
x86_64
x86_64
x86_64
32-bit
$ uname -m; uname -p; uname -i
i686
i686
i386
NOTE: There's also a short-form version of uname -m that you can run as a stand alone command, arch. It returns exactly the same thing as uname -m. You can read more about the arch command in the coreutils documentation.
excerpt
arch prints the machine hardware name, and is equivalent to ‘uname -m’.
Probably the best tool for analyzing your hardware has got to be hwinfo. This package can show you pretty much anything that you'd want/need to know about any of your hardware, right from the terminal. It's save me dozens of times when I'd need some info off of a chip on a system's motherboard or needed to know the revision of a board in a PCI slot.
You can query it against the different subsystems of a computer. In our case we'll be looking at the cpu subsystem.
$ hwinfo --cpu
01: None 00.0: 10103 CPU
[Created at cpu.301]
Unique ID: rdCR.a2KaNXABdY4
Hardware Class: cpu
Arch: X86-64
Vendor: "GenuineIntel"
Model: 6.37.5 "Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz"
Features: fpu,vme,de,pse,tsc,msr,pae,mce,cx8,apic,sep,mtrr,pge,mca,cmov,pat,pse36,clflush,dts,acpi,mmx,fxsr,sse,sse2,ss,ht,tm,pbe,syscall,nx,rdtscp,lm,constant_tsc,arch_perfmon,pebs,bts,rep_good,xtopology,nonstop_tsc,aperfmperf,pni,pclmulqdq,dtes64,monitor,ds_cpl,vmx,smx,est,tm2,ssse3,cx16,xtpr,pdcm,sse4_1,sse4_2,popcnt,aes,lahf_lm,ida,arat,tpr_shadow,vnmi,flexpriority,ept,vpid
Clock: 2666 MHz
BogoMips: 5319.74
Cache: 3072 kb
Units/Processor: 16
Config Status: cfg=new, avail=yes, need=no, active=unknown
Again, similar to /proc/cpuinfo this command shows you the makeup of each individual core in a multi-core system. Here's the first line from each section of a core, just to give you an idea.
$ hwinfo --cpu | grep CPU
01: None 00.0: 10103 CPU
Model: 6.37.5 "Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz"
02: None 01.0: 10103 CPU
Model: 6.37.5 "Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz"
03: None 02.0: 10103 CPU
Model: 6.37.5 "Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz"
04: None 03.0: 10103 CPU
Model: 6.37.5 "Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz"
This is probably the most obvious way to tell what architecture your CPU is presenting to the OS. Making use of getconf, your querying the system variable LONG_BIT. This isn't an environment variable.
# 64-bit system
$ getconf LONG_BIT
64
# 32-bit system
$ getconf LONG_BIT
32
Yet another tool, similar in capabilities to hwinfo. You can query pretty much anything you want to know about the underlying hardware. For example:
# 64-bit Kernel
$ lshw -class cpu
*-cpu
description: CPU
product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz
vendor: Intel Corp.
physical id: 6
bus info: cpu@0
version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 560 @ 2.67GHz
slot: None
size: 1199MHz
capacity: 1199MHz
width: 64 bits
clock: 133MHz
capabilities: fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx rdtscp x86-64 constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes lahf_lm ida arat tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid cpufreq
configuration: cores=2 enabledcores=2 threads=4
# 32-bit Kernel
$ lshw -class cpu
*-cpu:0
description: CPU
product: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 CPU 4300 @ 1.80GHz
vendor: Intel Corp.
physical id: 400
bus info: cpu@0
version: 6.15.2
serial: 0000-06F2-0000-0000-0000-0000
slot: Microprocessor
size: 1800MHz
width: 64 bits
clock: 800MHz
capabilities: boot fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe x86-64 constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr lahf_lm
configuration: id=1
*-logicalcpu:0
description: Logical CPU
physical id: 1.1
width: 64 bits
capabilities: logical
*-logicalcpu:1
description: Logical CPU
physical id: 1.2
width: 64 bits
capabilities: logical
Several of the commands report that what looks to be a 32-bit CPU as supporting 32-bit & 64-bit modes. This can be a little confusing and misleading, but if you understand the history of CPU's, Intel specifically, you'll know that they have a history of playing games with their products where a CPU might have an instruction set that supports 16-bits, but can address more RAM that 2^16.
The same thing is going on with these CPUs. Most people know that a 32-bit CPU can address only 2^32 = 4GB of RAM. But there are versions of CPUs that can address more. These CPUs would often make use of a Linux kernel with the suffix PAE - Physical Address Extension. Using a PAE enabled kernel along with this hardware would allow you to address up to 64GB on a 32-bit system.
You might think well then why do I need a 64-bit architecture? The problem with these CPUs is that a single processes space is limited to 2^32, so if you have a large simulation or computational program that needed more than the 2^32 of addressable space in RAM, then this wouldn't have helped you with that.
Take a look at the wikipedia page on the P6 microarchitecture (i686) for more info.
In general it can get confusing because a number of the commands and methodologies above are using the term "architecture" loosely. If you're interested in whether the underlying OS is 32-bit or 64-bit use these commands:
If on the other hand you want to know the CPU's architecture use these commands:
Specifically you want to look for fields where it says things like "width: 64" or "width: 32" if you're using a tool like lshw, or look for the flags:
lm: Long Mode (x86-64: amd64, also known as Intel 64, i.e. 64-bit capable)lahf_lm: LAHF/SAHF in long modeThe presents of these 2 flags tells you that the CPU is 64-bit. Their absences tells you that it's 32-bit.
See these URLs for additional information on the CPU flags.
man pages
articles:
Best Answer
You might have luck with Darling:
Darling is a translation layer that allows you to run unmodified OS X binaries on Linux. In its nature, it is similar to the well-known Wine project.
At this point, it is unlikely that Darling will run your favorite OS X application. For more information, review the Project Status. Developers are always welcome to join the project.
http://www.darlinghq.org/