Linux Terminology – Correct Term for ‘sda’ in ‘/dev/sda’

So, question: can I force to map the drives with fixed path? I tried using Labels but it didn't seem to work.

Use UUID:

$ ls -lF /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 15 15:35 61965e0c-8aba-4207-9424-1350aa6e051e -> ../../sda2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 15 15:35 e002a7bc-02da-47a8-ab98-1225e6ace6d5 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 15 15:35 e23cc6c4-0e57-4cbd-8036-91ea9974bab0 -> ../../sda5

# blkid
/dev/sda5: LABEL="/data" UUID="e23cc6c4-0e57-4cbd-8036-91ea9974bab0" TYPE="ext3" 
/dev/sda3: LABEL="SWAP-sda3" TYPE="swap" 
/dev/sda2: LABEL="/" UUID="61965e0c-8aba-4207-9424-1350aa6e051e" TYPE="ext3" 
/dev/sda1: LABEL="/boot" UUID="e002a7bc-02da-47a8-ab98-1225e6ace6d5" TYPE="ext3" 

and change your /etc/fstab to use persistent name:

UUID=e23cc6c4-0e57-4cbd-8036-91ea9974bab0    /data    ext3    defaults    1 2
...

/dev/console exists primarily to expose the kernel’s console to userspace. The Linux kernel’s documentation on devices now says

The console device, /dev/console, is the device to which system messages should be sent, and on which logins should be permitted in single-user mode. Starting with Linux 2.1.71, /dev/console is managed by the kernel; for previous versions it should be a symbolic link to either /dev/tty0, a specific virtual console such as /dev/tty1, or to a serial port primary (tty*, not cu*) device, depending on the configuration of the system.

/dev/console, the device node with major 5 and minor 1, provides access to whatever the kernel considers to be its primary means of interacting with the system administrator; this can be a physical console connected to the system (with the virtual console abstraction on top, so it can use tty0 or any ttyN where N is between 1 and 63), or a serial console, or a hypervisor console, or even a Braille device. Note that the kernel itself doesn’t use /dev/console: devices nodes are for userspace, not for the kernel; it does, however, check that /dev/console exists and is usable, and sets init up with its standard input, output and error pointing to /dev/console.

As described here, /dev/console is a character device with a fixed major and minor because it’s a separate device (as in, a means of accessing the kernel; not a physical device), not equivalent to /dev/tty0 or any other device. This is somewhat similar to the situation with /dev/tty which is its own device (5:0) because it provides slightly different features than the other virtual console or terminal devices.

The “list of consoles” is indeed the list of consoles defined by the console= boot parameters (or the default console, if there are none). You can see the consoles defined in this way by looking at /proc/consoles. /dev/console does indeed provide access to the last of these:

You can specify multiple console= options on the kernel command line. Output will appear on all of them. The last device will be used when you open /dev/console.