Linux Devices – Why is /dev/null a File and Not a Simple Program?

devicesexecutablefilesnull

I am trying to understanding the concept of special files on Linux. However, having a special file in /dev seems plain silly when its function could be implemented by a handful of lines in C to my knowledge.

Moreover you could use it in pretty much the same manner, i.e. piping into null instead of redirecting into /dev/null. Is there a specific reason for having it as a file? Doesn't making it a file cause many other problems like too many programs accessing the same file?

Best Answer

In addition to the performance benefits of using a character-special device, the primary benefit is modularity. /dev/null may be used in almost any context where a file is expected, not just in shell pipelines. Consider programs that accept files as command-line parameters.

# We don't care about log output.
$ frobify --log-file=/dev/null

# We are not interested in the compiled binary, just seeing if there are errors.
$ gcc foo.c -o /dev/null  || echo "foo.c does not compile!".

# Easy way to force an empty list of exceptions.
$ start_firewall --exception_list=/dev/null

These are all cases where using a program as a source or sink would be extremely cumbersome. Even in the shell pipeline case, stdout and stderr may be redirected to files independently, something that is difficult to do with executables as sinks:

# Suppress errors, but print output.
$ grep foo * 2>/dev/null

Related Solutions

Mv a file to /dev/null breaks dev/null

Looking at the source code for mv, http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/file_cmds/file_cmds-220.7/mv/mv.c :

/*
 * If rename fails because we're trying to cross devices, and
 * it's a regular file, do the copy internally; otherwise, use
 * cp and rm.
 */
if (lstat(from, &sb)) {
    warn("%s", from);
    return (1);
}
return (S_ISREG(sb.st_mode) ?
    fastcopy(from, to, &sb) : copy(from, to));

...

int
fastcopy(char *from, char *to, struct stat *sbp)
{
...
while ((to_fd =
    open(to, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY, 0)) < 0) {
        if (errno == EEXIST && unlink(to) == 0)
            continue;
        warn("%s", to);
        (void)close(from_fd);
        return (1);
}

In the first pass through the while loop, open(to, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY, 0) will fail with EEXIST. Then /dev/null will be unlinked, and the loop repeated. But as you pointed out in your comment, regular files can't be created in /dev, so on the next pass through the loop, open(to, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY, 0) is still going to fail.

I'd file a bug report with Apple. The mv source code is mostly unchanged from the FreeBSD version, but because OSX's devfs has that non-POSIX behavior with regular files, Apple should fix their mv.

Shell – Meaning of `cat /dev/null > file`

The command will output the data from device /dev/null to the given file (mailbox of the root account). Since /dev/null responds just with end-of-file when reading from it nothing will be written to the file, but with the redirection > the shell will have cleared the file already. Actually this is equivalent to writing just

> /var/spool/mail/root

(i.e., the same without cat or /dev/null).

Best Answer

Related Solutions

Mv a file to /dev/null breaks dev/null

Shell – Meaning of `cat /dev/null > file`

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