Debian 9 User in sudo group but still unable to issue sudo command

You need to have root access to add a user to the sudoers file. So either

su - root

(and put the root password in) and then use

visudo

as root to make the relevant and correct changes, or ask your sysadmin.

You usually want something like,

username    ALL=(ALL) ALL

or,

%groupname  ALL=(ALL) ALL

and put your user ID into that group, but how you configure sudo depends on the standards for your environment.

Changing the sudo config file should only ever be done with visudo (to prevent being locked out by making a bad change), and it should only be done by someone who understands how to configure sudo safely (personal soapbox: sudo is not the tool some people think it is).

There are two (main) ways you can authorize a user to run commands as root via sudo:

• declare that “Alice may run commands as root”;
• declare that “Alice is a sysadmin” and that “sysadmins may run commands as root”.

The way to declare “Alice is a sysadmin” is to make her a member of the sysadmins group, but there is no standard name for the sysadmins group (nor any obligation that there is a sysadmins group). Some traditional Unix systems have a group called wheel, but often being in the wheel group is only a prerequisite for becoming root, and the user must also know the root password and run su (that's how BSD uses it, in particular). Some distributions, such as Ubuntu and Debian, include a group called sudo and a rule “members of the group sudo may run command as root” in their default configuration.

If /etc/sudoers (or a file in /etc/sudoers.d) contains a line like %sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL, then you can make a user a sudoer by adding them to the sudo group (adduser alice sudo). The name sudo isn't magical, you just have to match the entry in /etc/sudoers.

Never edit /etc/sudoers (or a file under /etc/sudoers.d) directly: if you make a syntax error, you would lock yourself out of root access. Always use visudo to edit that file. To choose the editor that visudo runs, set the VISUAL environment variable (or EDITOR, as long as VISUAL is unset). On a multiuser machine, using visudo has the additional advantage that it takes care of locking in case two administrators edit the file at the same time.