Dd can’t see partition but cfdisk and GParted can

The card does not have a Master Boot Record (MBR). If it had your hexdump would have given you at least one partition entry at offset 0x1C0 and 55aa at the end.

Not all partition tables lay out data in the first 512 bytes. The spurious data you see is SID and CSD register of (a / the) SD card. But from the looks of it, it is not the correct data for the card (unless it is an old 1 MiB 2001 model.)

First 16 bytes are:

CID Register:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manufacturer ID       (MID): 04               => (Transcend)
OEM/Application ID    (OID): 16 41            =  ?A
Product name          (PNM): 53 4d 49 2d 53   =  SMI-S
Product revision      (PRV): 44               =  0100 0100 => 4.4
Product serial number (PSN): 03 00 00 00
reserved               (-) : 00 >> 4          = 0000b
Manufacturing date    (MDT): (00 & 0x0f)|0x16 = 0001b,0110b => 2000+1,6=> Jun 2001
CRC7 checksum         (CRC): 1f >> 1          = 120
always 1               (1) : 1f & 1           = 1

Next 16 bytes (at least part of it):

CSD Register:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CSD Structure        (CSD_STRUCTURE): 00 >> 6  = 00b => CSD Version 1.0
reserved                         (-): 00 & 3f  = 00 0000b
Data read access time 1       (TAAC): 7f = 1111b => time val 8.0, 111b => 7=10ms
Data read access time 2       (NSAC): 00
Max. data transfer rate (TRAN_SPEED): 32 = 0110,010 time val 2.5, 2=10Mbit/s 25MHz
Card command classes           (CCC): 1f << 4 | 5b >> 4 = 0x1f5

...
Device size (C_SIZE) : (0x80 & 0x03) << 0xa | 00h | 36 >> 6 : 0

Max. read  current @VDD min (VDD_R_CURR_MIN) : 110 => 60mA
Max. read  current @VDD max (VDD_R_CURR_MAX) : 110 => 80mA
Max. write current @VDD min (VDD_W_CURR_MIN) : 110 => 60mA
Max. write current @VDD max (VDD_W_CURR_MAX) : 110 => 80mA
Device size multiplier         (C_SIZE_MULT) : 111 => 2^(7 + 2) = 512
Erase single block enable     (ERASE_BLK_EN) : 0
Erase sector size              (SECTOR_SIZE) : 1111111 => 127 + 1 = 128
Write protect group size       (WP_GRP_SIZE) : 0111111 =>  63 + 1 = 64

MULT      = 2^(C_SIZE_MULT + 2)  = 2^(7 + 2) = 512
BLOCKNR   = (C_SIZE + 1) * MULT  = 1 * 512   = 512
BLOCK_LEN = 2^READ_BL_LEN        = 2^11      = 2048

memory capacity = 
BLOCKNR * BLOCK_LEN = 512 * 2048 = 1048576 bytes = 1024 KiB = 1 MiB

Also, the CRC7 check for CSD register is wrong. It could be old data left from a pastime.

Those registers and more can be queried from the card directly by various commands. This is done by module drivers, card hubs, etc.

Would be interesting to see what you find by the commands given by Stephane Chazelas, slm etc.

Can't have overlapping partitions

The root cause is that the partition table contains at least one occurrence where the end of one partition overlaps the start of another partition.

Source: How-to Fix Invalid MSDOS Partition Tables

There is also a guide on how to fix it: How-to Fix Overlapping Partitions