CentOS 7 – How to Change Language Using Command Line

There are three sets of locale settings¹:

• LANG, the fallback setting, if you haven't specified a value for a category. It's indended for users to indicate their locale in a simple way.
• LC_xxx for each category (xxx can be MESSAGES, TIME, etc.).
• LC_ALL overrides all settings. It's a way for applications to override all settings in order to work in a known locale (usually C, the default locale), typically so that various commands produce output in a known format.

So you can set LANG=de_AT.UTF-8 and LC_MESSAGES=C (C is the default locale and means untranslated; en_US is usually identical to C for messages).

However, there are two categories where I don't recommend changing the default, because it breaks a lot of programs:

• LC_COLLATE is the character collation order. It's not very useful because it only indicates how to sort characters, not how to sort strings. Tools that know how to sort strings don't use LC_COLLATE. Furthermore a lot of tools expect things like “[a-z] matches all 26 ASCII lowercase letters and no other ASCII characters”, but that's not true in most non-default locales (try echo B | LC_COLLATE=en_US grep '[a-z]').
• LC_NUMERIC indicates how to display numbers. In particular, in many languages, it makes floating point numbers use a , rather than . as the decimal point. But most programs that parse numbers expect a . and treat a , as a field separator.

So I recommend to

• either explicitly LC_COLLATE=C LC_NUMERIC=_C,
• or leave LANG unset and only set a value for the useful categories (LC_MESSAGES, LC_TIME, LC_PAPER, plus LC_CTYPE (whose value may vary depending on your terminal)).

¹ _{Plus LANGUAGE with GNU libc. If you hadn't heard about it, you're not missing much.}

Locale settings are user preferences that relate to your culture.

Locale names

On all current unix variants that I know of (but not on a few antiques), locale names follow the same pattern:

• An ISO 639-1 lowercase two-letter language code, or an ISO 639-2 three-letter language code if the language has no two-letter code. For example, en for English, de for German, ja for Japanese, uk for Ukrainian, ber for Berber, …
• For many but not all languages, an underscore _ followed by an ISO 3166 uppercase two-letter country code. Thus: en_US for US English, en_UK for British English, fr_CA Canadian (Québec) French, de_DE for German of Germany, de_AT for German of Austria, ja_JP for Japanese (of Japan), etc.
• Optionally, a dot . followed by the name of a character encoding such as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, KOI8-U, GB2312, Big5, etc. With GNU libc at least (I don't know how widespread this is), case and punctuation is ignored in encoding names. For example, zh_CN.UTF-8 is Mandarin (simplified) Chinese encoded in UTF-8, while zh_CN is Mandarin Chinese encoded in GB2312, and zh_TW is Taiwanese (traditional) Chinese encoded in Big5.
• Optionally, an at sign @ followed by the name of a variant. The meaning of variants is locale-dependent. For example, many European countries have an @euro locale variant where the currency sign is € and where the encoding is one that includes this character (ISO 8859-15 or ISO 8859-16), as opposed to the unadorned variant with the older currency sign. For example, en_IE (English, Ireland) uses the latin1 (ISO 8859-1) encoding and £ as the currency symbol while en_IE@euro uses the latin9 (ISO 8859-15) encoding and € as the currency symbol.

In addition, there are two locale names that exist on all unix-like system: C and POSIX. These names are synonymous and mean computerese, i.e. default settings that are appropriate for data that is parsed by a computer program.

Locale settings

The following locale categories are defined by POSIX:

• LC_CTYPE: the character set used by terminal applications: classification data (which characters are letters, punctuation, spaces, invalid, etc.) and case conversion. Text utilities typically heed LC_CTYPE to determine character boundaries.
• LC_COLLATE: collation (i.e. sorting) order. This setting is of very limited use for several reasons:
  • Most languages have intricate rules that depend on what is being sorted (e.g. dictionary words and proper names might not use the same order) and cannot be expressed by LC_COLLATE.
  • There are few applications where proper sort order matters which are performed by software that uses locale settings. For example, word processors store the language and encoding of a file in the file itself (otherwise the file wouldn't be processed correctly on a system with different locale settings) and don't care about the locale settings specified by the environment.
  • LC_COLLATE can have nasty side effects, in particular because it causes the sort order A < a < B < …, which makes “between A and Z” include the lowercase letters a through y. In particular, very common regular expressions like [A-Z] break some applications.
• LC_MESSAGES: the language of informational and error messages.
• LC_NUMERIC: number formatting: decimal and thousands separator.
  Many applications hard-code . as a decimal separator. This makes LC_NUMERIC not very useful and potentially dangerous:
  • Even if you set it, you'll still see the default format pretty often.
  • You're likely to get into a situation where one application produces locale-dependent output and another application expects . to be the decimal point, or , to be a field separator.
• LC_MONETARY: like LC_NUMERIC, but for amounts of local currency.
  Very few applications use this.
• LC_TIME: date and time formatting: weekday and month names, 12 or 24-hour clock, order of date parts, punctuation, etc.

GNU libc, which you'll find on non-embedded Linux, defines additional locale categories:

• LC_PAPER: the default paper size (defined by height and width).
• LC_NAME, LC_ADDRESS, LC_TELEPHONE, LC_MEASUREMENT, LC_IDENTIFICATION: I don't know of any application that uses these.

Environment variables

Applications that use locale settings determine them from environment variables.

• Then the value of the LANG environment variable is used unless overridden by another setting. If LANG is not set, the default locale is C.
• The LC_xxx names can be used as environment variables.
• If LC_ALL is set, then all other values are ignored; this is primarily useful to set LC_ALL=C run applications that need to produce the same output regardless of where they are run.
• In addition, GNU libc uses LANGUAGE to define fallbacks for LC_MESSAGES (e.g. LANGUAGE=fr_BE:fr_FR:en to prefer Belgian French, or if unavailable France French, or if unavailable English).

Installing locales

Locale data can be large, so some distributions don't ship them in a usable form and instead require an additional installation step.

• On Debian, to install locales, run dpkg-reconfigure locales and select from the list in the dialog box, or edit /etc/locale.gen and then run locale-gen.
• On Ubuntu, to install locales, run locale-gen with the names of the locales as arguments.

You can define your own locale.

Recommendation

The useful settings are:

• Set LC_CTYPE to the language and encoding that you encode your text files in. Ensure that your terminals use that encoding.
  For most languages, only the encoding matters. There are a few exceptions; for example, an uppercase i is I in most languages but İ in Turkish (tr_TR).
• Set LC_MESSAGES to the language that you want to see messages in.
• Set LC_PAPER to en_US if you want US Letter to be the default paper size and just about anything else (e.g. en_GB) if you want A4.
• Optionally, set LC_TIME to your favorite time format.

As explained above, avoid setting LC_COLLATE and LC_NUMERIC. If you use LANG, explicitly override these two categories by setting them to C.