Ubuntu – Xresources not doing anything in 13.10

Put a colorscheme directive in your ~/.vimrc file

For example

colorscheme evening

Update1:

With your ~/.vimrc and installation of Vundle I reproduced your problem. Add

set t_Co=256
colorscheme evening 

at the end of your ~/.vimrc and see if this works for you.

You can see also http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Using_GUI_color_settings_in_a_terminal

Take a look at this answer: https://askubuntu.com/questions/147462#153493
You should modify your /.bashrc and add colors description there.

# Format: set color escape sequence \e]P, color number in hex, RGB color in hex
if [ "$TERM" = "linux" ]; then
    echo -en "\e]P02e3436" #black
    echo -en "\e]P1cc0000" #darkred
    echo -en "\e]P24e9a06" #darkgreen
    echo -en "\e]P3c4a000" #brown
    echo -en "\e]P43465a4" #darkblue
    echo -en "\e]P575507b" #darkmagenta
    echo -en "\e]P606989a" #darkcyan
    echo -en "\e]P7d3d7cf" #lightgrey
    echo -en "\e]P8555753" #darkgrey
    echo -en "\e]P9ef2929" #red
    echo -en "\e]PA8ae234" #green
    echo -en "\e]PBfce94f" #yellow
    echo -en "\e]PC729fcf" #blue
    echo -en "\e]PDad7fa8" #magenta
    echo -en "\e]PE34e2e2" #cyan
    echo -en "\e]PFeeeeec" #white
    clear # Fills terminal with base color
fi

I modified the colours to comply with Ubuntu color scheme. Bear in mind that this code is intended for standard Ubuntu installation. In your case you should change condition to [ "$TERM" = "xterm" ], as you use Xubuntu.