Use MonoDevelop but beware of the quirks of X-platform .NET development
First, install mono by either finding it in the Software Centre or typing
sudo apt-get install monodevelop mono-vbnc
MonoDevelop is pretty equivalent to Visual Studio Express the major differences being:
MonoDevelop doesn't support WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) but that shouldn't matter much as Microsoft has plans to kill WPF with the arrival of Windows 8.
Verify that the correct .NET framework target is being used. After creating a solution, right click on the project and goto Options->Build->General. Not much different from targeting a specific version of .NET on Windows.
Aside from those issues, I haven't really found anything missing that I can't live without.
The only other issue (non mono related) that may come back to bite you is the classic line ending problem. *nix still uses LF and Windows still uses CRLF for line endings so, when you transfer your source files back and fourth between Windows/*nix. AFIAK, MonoDevelop saves source files in UTF-8 by default but VS saves source files in Windows ASCII (with windows-1252 latin ASCII with windows specific line endings). If you receive source files that were created using Visual Studio you may need to convert the format to get it to work in *nix.
As you can see, x-platform .NET development can be a little challenging at first but IMHO, it's worth it. I like MonoDevelop's non-cluttered interface (the visual effects in VS just get in the way most of the time), it loads in a fraction of the time that VS does (useful if you don't typically leave your IDE open all the time), it takes up a fraction of the space with no extra unnecessary addons (VS is really obnoxious about this).
Installing it was easy as sudo apt-get install monodevelop. Also, popular tools like NUnit (for unit testing) have been ported over to and work flawlessly in *nix. The Windows version of MonoDevelop kinda sucks (or at least it did last time I tried it).
Update:
To get VB code to compile you'll also need to install the VB compiler module:
sudo apt-get install mono-vbnc
I also updated this answer to remove some of the problems that are no longer relevant.
Best Answer
I think you will not be able to find a IDE for .NET in linux that is as powerful as Visual Studio. I am using MonoDevelop, which is quite decent IDE. I have problems when debugging because watching variable does not always work, but other than that it works as expected.
Regarding WPF, I believe you cannot do it in Linux. You must be aware that Mono, which works great in Linux, is a subset of .NET and will probably never support everything that is available in Windows. I was surprised that so many things work, which I didn't expect too. Take a look here for WPF: http://www.mono-project.com/docs/gui/wpf/.