Compiling Vim – No Terminal Library Found Error

Are you asking about how to get 256 colour support in Linux console ttys? As the post you've linked to says, you'd need to modify your kernel to do that (and the modifications you'd need have not been written: it isn't just a matter of changing the config). Without modification, you'll have to make do with the standard 16 colours on the console.

An alternative would be to switch to a different terminal emulator. One option is fbterm, which has been packaged on Ubuntu under the same name. It is a terminal emulator that can run directly against the Linux frame buffer device.

If you are just after a full screen terminal emulator, another option would be to just use the standard GNOME terminal emulator and hit F11.

It's likely you need to install the libc6-dev package. The errors you see indicate the linker (ld) is unable to link against the C library (and the object files it mentions, crt1.o for example, are part of this package).

I suggest you do sudo apt-get install build-essential, it will install, well, the essential tools and packages for basic builds to work. build-essential is a meta-package, which doesn't install any files of its own but depends on the required packages, so it's a safe bet to install it.