Ubuntu – How to solve dpkg-source source problem when building a package

On the page you link to it says:

Canonical provides this packaging service to you free of charge.

and goes on to explain how to lay out the tarball containing your binaries.

If you create such a tarball and submit it via MyApps then all the packaging will be done for you. As it says at the bottom you can provide a source package if you like, but it's not required. Note that this is specific to closed-source or for-pay apps, anything that is libre and gratis has a different process currently.

As for your other questions:

How is the 32-vs-64 bit thing handled?

You can just upload 32-bit if you like as that works on 64-bit too. If you want to upload 32-bit and 64-bit then build it twice and put the results in "i386" and "amd64" subdirectories.

How is supporting different versions of Ubuntu handled -- 10.04, 10.10, 11.04, 11.10, etc?

You can specify which versions of Ubuntu your uploaded binaries work for as part of the submission process.

How are dependencies handled. If, for instance, my app depends on SDL, how do I specify that?

That will be added as part of the packaging process. If you want to add a comment specifying the dependencies then it will likely speed things up.

If I don't want to distribute source code for my application (which is a proprietary license), is there a clean way to indicate that source shouldn't go with the app?

As stated you don't have to provide the source at all.

If I'm not using autoconf/automake, does my Makefile need to be set up in a particular way, or are the autotools required?

Any build system supported in Ubuntu is allowed. If you are using plain Makefiles then that's fine. However, if you're only uploading binaries that's not an issue.

Package: ResolutionX
Version: 1.0-0
Section: base
Priority: optional
Architecture: all
Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 9)
Maintainer: First_name Last_name 
Description: ResolutionX
    A simple tool to enable you to have your desired resolution without requiring graphics drivers.

This paragraph is a mish-mash of fields for source and binary packages. The first paragraph should describe the source package. Here, that would mean the first line has Source: instead of Package:. You can only specify Build-Depends for source packages, and Architecture for binary packages. The Version is derived from debian/changelog, and is not specified in debian/control.

I don't know how the rest of debian/control looks like, but just from this, I think you should split up the first paragraph:

Source: resolutionx
Version: 1.0-0
Section: base
Priority: optional
Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 9)
Maintainer: First_name Last_name 

Package: resolutionx
Section: base
Priority: optional
Architecture: all
Description: ResolutionX
 A simple tool to enable you to have your desired resolution   

Also note that packages are not supposed to have capital letters in their name. Indeed, packages to submitted to the Debian or Ubuntu repositories cannot have capital letters in their names.