Ubuntu – How to change brightness through terminal

Since you haven't specified which desktop environment you use, I'll provide some KDE-specific details as well.

I've just updated KDE to 4.9.2 and met with the same inconvenience. I decided to dig into the code, and here are my conclusions:

1. Brightness is actually controlled by kernel itself. According to KDE's PowerDevil source code, there exist two basic ways for kernels to provide control interface:
   • sysctl() system call (likely on *BSD systems, I suppose)
   • sysfs interface (likely Linux)
2. sysfs interface is located at /sys/class/backlight/*your_backlight_type*/. Here's what it looks like for me:

   $ ls -1 /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight/
   actual_brightness
   bl_power
   brightness
   device
   max_brightness
   power
   subsystem
   type
   uevent

   Two files are relevant for us now: brightness and max_brightness. And here's how they can be used:

   $ cd /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight
   $ cat max_brightness 
   976
   $ cat brightness 
   176
   $ echo 77 | sudo tee brightness
   77
   

   First command lets you determine the maximum brightness you can set (the minimum is always zero). Second one lets you know what value the actual brightness is set to. And with the third you can set it to any value you desire in the range of [0; max_brightness].

3. KDE's KRunner still has the freedom to set any brightness level. Press Alt-F2 and type:

   screen brightness 17

4. KDE's keyboard Brightness Up and Brightness Down key handling code has increment value of 10% hard-coded. Hence, unless you want to mess with building KDE from sources, there's nothing you can do with it.

5. KDE's BatteryMonitor plasmoid has its own brightness control, whose increment is also hard-coded as 10%, but now we're lucky enough, since it is written in QML: $ sudo nano /usr/share/kde4/apps/plasma/plasmoids/battery/contents/ui/PopupDialog.qml (upd: in KDE 4.11 it has been moved to BrightnessItem.qml), navigate to section that looks like

   Components.Slider {
           id: brightnessSlider
           minimumValue: 0
           maximumValue: 100
           stepSize: 10
           onValueChanged: brightnessChanged(value)
       }

   and change the step size to what you desire. After relogin you'll see the change.

You find the necessary files here: https://packages.debian.org/unstable/ddccontrol

ddccontrol
libddccontrol
ddccontrol-db

which I had to install. Then I had to run the following commands:

sudo modprobe i2c-dev
sudo modprobe intelfb
sudo chmod a+rw /dev/i2c-*

Now I can change the brightness to a value (here 53) representing the backlight level of my external monitor without the On-Screen-Display with the command:

ddccontrol -p -r 0x10 -w 53

Now I still need to get my special brightness keys from my keyboard linked to the brightness command (with paying attention to the max. brightness level). Any idea how to do that?