Ubuntu – grep — list file name where match is found

Iterate over the lines with _ as the IFS, get the desired first portion containing digits, and the copy the files starting with those digits:

shopt -s nullglob
while IFS=_ read -r i _; do [[ $i =~ ^[0-9]{5}$ ]] && echo cp -it dest/ "${i}"*; done <file.txt

Expanded:

#!/bin/bash
shopt -s nullglob  ##Expands to null string if no match while doing glob expansion,
                   ##rather than the literal
while IFS=_ read -r i _; do  ##Iterate over the lines of file.txt, 
                              ##with `_` as the `IFS` i.e. word splitting 
                              ##happens on each `_` only, variable `i` 
                              ##will contain the digits at start; `_` is a
                              ##throwaway variable containing the rest
    [[ $i =~ ^[0-9]{5}$ ]] \ ##Check if the variable contains only 5 digits
      && echo cp -it /destination/ "${i}"*  ##if so, copy the relevant files starting with those digits
done <file.txt

Replace file.txt with the actual source file, and /destination/ with your actual destination directory. Here echo is included to do the dry-run; if satisfied with the commands to be run, just get rid of echo:

shopt -s nullglob
while IFS=_ read -r i _; do [[ $i =~ ^[0-9]{5}$ ]] && cp -it dest/ "${i}"*; done <file.txt

Given

$ cat file
Good-Black-Cat
Bad-Red-Cat
Bad-Gray-Dog
Good-Golden-Dog
Bad-White-Dog
Good-Tabby-Cat
Bad-Siamese-Cat

then

$ grep -c 'Good-.*-Cat' file
2

Note that this is a count of matching lines - so for example it won't work for multiple occurrences per line, or for occurrences that span lines.

Alternatively, with awk

awk '/Good-.*-Cat/ {n++} END {print n}' file

If you need to match multiple possible occurrences per line, then I'd suggest perl:

perl -lne '$c += () = /Good-.*?-Cat/g }{ print $c' file

where /Good-.*?-Cat/g matches multiple times (g) and non-greedily* (.*?) and the () = assignment forces the matches to be evaluated in a scalar context so we can add them to the count.

Alternatively, you could use grep in perl-comparible regular expression (PCRE) mode (so as to enable the non-greedy modifier), with -o to output only the matching portions - then count those with wc:

grep -Po 'Good-.*?-Cat' file | wc -l

If you also need to match occurrences that may span a line boundary, then you can do so in perl by unsetting the record separator (note: this means that that the whole file is slurped into memory) and adding the s regex modifier e.g.

perl -0777 -nE '$c += () = /Good-.*?-Cat/gs }{ say $c' file