Do you have microphone problems "everywhere", or is it limited to the gtalk plugin?
Also, did you make sure that your microphone isn't muted?
I have wrote this little script according the instructions suggested by @suli8.
If you save it to a file (lets call it apply-googletalk-v4l1-workaround.sh, but can be anything), then you could apply it by:
sudo bash apply-googletalk-v4l1-workaround.sh
This might help in avoiding small mistakes.
#!/bin/bash
plugin_location=/opt/google/talkplugin/GoogleTalkPlugin
mv $plugin_location $plugin_location.real
cat > $plugin_location <<EOF
#!/bin/sh
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libv4l/v4l1compat.so $plugin_location.real
EOF
chmod +x $plugin_location
killall GoogleTalkPlugin
I have seen in an above comment that the workaround made Google Talk stop working in Gmail. I guess it was because of some small error in executing the steps. Using this script might avoid that error.
Best Answer
Google video can now be used in Linux. gmailblog
You can download it here.