USB 3.0 – Does Ubuntu Support USB 3.0?

Are you sure the disk is plugged into the correct (USB 3.0) port? It looks like your USB 3.0 controller is providing USB bus #12, but the disk is attached to USB bus #3.

According to your dmesg, USB Bus #3 is provided by the PCI device '06:01.2: USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. USB 2.0 (rev 65)', which will only be USB 2.0.

Depending on the partition format, and the partition number (both of which can be found with sudo fdisk -l), the syntax for the mount command would be something like this:
sudo mount -t ntfs /dev/sdb1 /media/mountPoint
Note that the command listed assumes three things:

1. That the partition is on sdb, and has the number of 1 (which is how you end up with /dev/sdb1)
2. That your partition is of the type ntfs (which most large capacity drives are, unless they're formatted for Macs (in which case they have hfs+ or similar as the formatting)
3. That you're trying to mount the drive to the location /media/mountPoint.

Each of those 3 items I just mentioned can be adjusted as is needed based on the type of partition being used, the location you want to mount the drive to, and the partition number of the drive.

EDIT
I just realized I forgot a crucial step. Assuming you are going to use the above mentioned command, you need to create the mount point first. So using my above example of using a mount point of /media/mountPoint, you will need to do this command before you attempt to mount the drive:
mkdir /media/mountPoint
If this command requires you to have superuser, prepend the mkdir command with sudo, which will allow the command to be run as superuser.