Ubuntu – 111: Connection Refused

You might need to consider the following situation when it comes to apt repository security. You will find your answer below.

You are adding an untrusted repository

Since anyone can create a private-public key pair, so just validating the downloaded contents or apt-index with the public key won't solve the problem when the author of the repository and the owner of the key puts malicious software in the repository.

He would create a key pair. Sign the contents with his private key, then upload the contents to the repository and then upload his public key

Then you add the repository, download his public key and then try to check. Apt would verify it without issuing warning messages. You might feel you are secure, but you are not. Are you sure you believe the person who has uploaded the content?

You added a repository which has content uploaded by a person you know

This might seem safe. You know the person's name and see that he has signed the repository contents and also the index. In this case too you are insecure. Anyone can impersonate the name.

In this case you need to verify the public key. You should be knowing that person's public key and should be sure about it. If you know the person and see that the repository needs a different public key for validating the contents then you should not trust that repository.

You should know the Person's name and his public key pair together to validate the authenticity of the repository. If any of them is wrong, don't trust the repository.

This is the reason why geek and hacker circles have key-signing parties where they meet in person, shoe each other valid identity proof and then establish trust

You know the person, have the correct public key, but apt shows warnings

This might be the case when you are trying to add the repository, but your computer is not getting the correct apt URL. This might be the situation where your DNS is not working properly and someone is trying to trick you into adding the wrong repository by DNS cache poisoning.

If you get a apt warning even when you have the correct public key, then ABORT. Don't go forward. This third case is usually very rare and you should not be worried about encountering this situation.

Conclusion

1. When you want to add a repository and you want to be very sure you are adding the correct repository, you need to know the person who has uploaded the content and should be sure about his public key.

2. Validate the repository only against his public key and not the one which repository owner asks you to verify against. This is the safest mechanism. As mentioned above, it is NOT safe even if apt doesn't give warnings when adding a repository. The contents might be malicious.

3. Even if you are using a well known repository and then apt complains, then it means that you are not adding the correct repository. You are NOT SAFE.

The port you are trying to connect to is not open on the IP address that you are trying to connect to for one of the following reasons.

1. You are connecting to the wrong IP address. Use nmap on the server with hostname of localhost (nmap localhost) to check if the server is running properly in the port you want, and on the client with your server's public IP address to check if the destination port is open.

2. You did not open the port on your firewall(s) successfully.

3. Your system is configured to use a local HTTP proxy for apt connections, and no such proxy is running (included in this answer for the sake of completeness although you commented that no proxy is running). Many companies and higher education institutions have restrictions in place which includes a policy to control the types of websites you can access.