Windows – Install of update for KB2667402 fails with error 8024200D

This is not a solution, but I found out that it is due to SP1 being installed. Some people with the same problem resolved it by removing SP1.

Remote Desktop doesn't work after upgrade to SP1 - Windows 7 Forums

Multiple runs of the Windows Update Troubleshooter on Windows Update and the Background Intelligent Transfer Service got the system to the point where the update installed.

After the update installed, I tried installing the System Update Readiness tool again. It took an hour or so, but succeeded. Still nothing exciting in C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CheckSUR.log:

=================================
Checking System Update Readiness.
Binary Version 6.1.7601.22471
Package Version 22.0
2013-12-29 10:45

Checking Windows Servicing Packages

Checking Package Manifests and Catalogs

Checking Package Watchlist

Checking Component Watchlist

Checking Packages

Checking Component Store

Summary:
Seconds executed: 3302
 No errors detected

I suppose based on the difference between the two log files, it could be inferred that in the earlier SUR invocation, there was some sort of problem with the Manifests or Catalogs. Assuming all the output was properly flushed to the logfile before the failure.