Windows – how to solve error sudo command is not found in Cygwin

You cannot use sudo on Cygwin. Cygwin is restricted to the rights of the security context in which it is executed.

You likely don't need superuser rights to install the package. Simply run the command without sudo and it will probably work.

If you truly need administrator rights, you will need to right-click on the Cygwin icon and choose Run as administrator to run Cygwin with administrative privileges.

The /etc/sudoers file is designed to be able to be distributed among multiple servers. In order to accomplish this, each permission in the file has a host portion.

This is usually set to ALL= which means that the permission is valid for any server, however it can be set to specific hosts:

%sudo    kaagini=(ALL) ALL

In order for sudo to know wether this rule should be applied, it needs to lookup the host it is running on. It uses a call that relies on the /etc/hosts being correct, which is why it fails if it is not right.

It might be argued that sudo doesn't need to bother doing a name lookup if the host portion is set to ALL= for all permissions, but it just doesn't work that way - it appears to work out where it running is prior to processing the rules.

This is really for ease of maintenance as sudo only reads /etc/sudoers to see what the user can do on the current machine. But as an admin with 100 servers, this might require 100 different /etc/sudoers files to maintain. Because sudoers has a host portion in the permissions, you can maintain a single sudoers file and distribute it to all machines, yet still have granularity over what users can do on each machine.