Windows 7 PC sends a lot of NetBIOS Name Queries for non-existent computer names

A domain is something you will experience on a work network rather than a home environment generally speaking. immagine: computer name john netbios name is usually also john (but has stricter naming restrictions)

on a domain your full computer name may be john.company.local for example

the company.local bit being the name of the domain itself.

netbios is old way of resolving names and in many ways is not used, however is kept there in the OS for backwards compatibility.

your netbios name and computer name for all intents and purposes is nearly always the same.

out of curiosity, is there a specific piece of this from the article you linked that you dont understand and I can try and further clarify.

You could try using whois on one of the returned IP addresses, at least for »big players« like Google, who have their own server farms and thus their own address ranges registered (not using some third party's space).

$ dig google.com +short
173.194.113.131
173.194.113.137
173.194.113.136
[…]
$ whois 173.194.113.131


#
# ARIN WHOIS data and services are subject to the Terms of Use
# available at: https://www.arin.net/whois_tou.html
#


#
# The following results may also be obtained via:
# http://whois.arin.net/rest/nets;q=173.194.113.131?showDetails=true&showARIN=false&ext=netref2
#

NetRange:       173.194.0.0 - 173.194.255.255
CIDR:           173.194.0.0/16
OriginAS:       AS15169
NetName:        GOOGLE
NetHandle:      NET-173-194-0-0-1
Parent:         NET-173-0-0-0-0
NetType:        Direct Allocation
RegDate:        2009-08-17
Updated:        2012-02-24
Ref:            http://whois.arin.net/rest/net/NET-173-194-0-0-1


OrgName:        Google Inc.
OrgId:          GOGL
Address:        1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
City:           Mountain View
StateProv:      CA
PostalCode:     94043
Country:        US
RegDate:        2000-03-30
Updated:        2013-08-07
Ref:            http://whois.arin.net/rest/org/GOGL

OrgAbuseHandle: ZG39-ARIN
OrgAbuseName:   Google Inc
OrgAbusePhone:  +1-650-253-0000 
OrgAbuseEmail:  arin-contact@google.com
OrgAbuseRef:    http://whois.arin.net/rest/poc/ZG39-ARIN

OrgTechHandle: ZG39-ARIN
OrgTechName:   Google Inc
OrgTechPhone:  +1-650-253-0000 
OrgTechEmail:  arin-contact@google.com
OrgTechRef:    http://whois.arin.net/rest/poc/ZG39-ARIN


#
# ARIN WHOIS data and services are subject to the Terms of Use
# available at: https://www.arin.net/whois_tou.html
#
$

Thus the range you want to know would be 173.194.0.0/16.