Windows 7 64-bit: icon does not appear on taskbar

After some research, I found a hidden folder

%appdata%\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Quick Launch\User Pinned

I had searched around here, thinking that Quick Launch and Taskbar pinning were very much the same, but I hadn't seen it because it was hidden. In that folder, there was a shortcut with the desired name. Why that shortcut didn't appear on the taskbar, I don't know. I deleted that shortcut, then re-pinned the application, and it now appears with the correct name.

The problem is that the pinned application actually starts another process (which is not pinned). This often happens with applications that spawn a 64bit version of itself after they were started.

Sometimes it helps to unpin the application you have on your task bar, right-click the new task and select "Pin this program to task bar".

FYI: There's a bug report for Chrome on exactly this issue. When I looked into this issue myself a couple of months ago, it seemed like it is generally an application issue (not a general Windows issue). So for every application I use that has this problem, there are usually bug reports about it (FileZilla, Eclipse, ...).