Set bash auto logout expiration in ubuntu 20.04

The OP confuses two different questions: policy and password length.

As already stated by @BillThor, password length is dealt with by the PAM module, under the not truly auspicious keyword obscure, in the file /etc/pam.d/common-password, which contains the following line:

 password        [success=1 default=ignore]      pam_unix.so obscure sha512

The obscure keyword stands for (according to man pam_unix):

 obscure
       Enable some extra checks on password strength. These checks are based on the "obscure" checks in the
       original shadow package. The behavior is similar to the pam_cracklib module, but for
       non-dictionary-based checks. The following checks are implemented:

       Palindrome
           Verifies that the new password is not a palindrome of (i.e., the reverse of) the previous one.

       Case Change Only
           Verifies that the new password isn't the same as the old one with a change of case.

       Similar
           Verifies that the new password isn't too much like the previous one.

       Simple
           Is the new password too simple? This is based on the length of the password and the number of
           different types of characters (alpha, numeric, etc.) used.

       Rotated
           Is the new password a rotated version of the old password? (E.g., "billy" and "illyb")

The prescription by obscure can be overridden as follows: in /etc/pam.d/common-password, re-write the line above as

 password        [success=1 default=ignore]      pam_unix.so obscure sha512 minlen=20

or whatever you like.

Finding exactly where the minimum length password is defined requires diving into the depths of pam:

  # apt-cache search pam_unix.so
    libpam-modules - Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM
  # apt-get source libpam-modules

... and then to find where the minimum passord length is defined:

  # grep -rl UNIX_MIN_PASS_LEN
    modules/pam_unix/support.h
    modules/pam_unix/support.c
    debian/patches-applied/007_modules_pam_unix
    debian/patches-applied/055_pam_unix_nullok_secure

Perusing the debian patches you will see that the parameter UNIX_MIN_PASS_LEN (the 27th possible parameter) corresponds to a variable called minlen, which is set in /modules/pam_unix/support.c. However, one of the debian patches fixes pass_min_len: the file debian/patches-applied/007_modules_pam_unix contains the lines:

 -       int pass_min_len = 0;
 +       int pass_min_len = 6;

and the file debian/Changelog specifies:

• Further cleanups of 007_modules_pam_unix -- don't use a global variable for pass_min_len, don't gratuitously move the length checking into the "obscure" checks, and internationalize the error strings.

I always disliked PAM, and for this reason: to locate a trivial parameter like the minimum password length, it obliges you to look into the source code.

The information displayed by chage -l username is instead completely contained in the /etc/shadow file: The Man page states:

shadow is a file which contains the password information for the system's accounts and optional aging information.

The fields of each entry are:

Login name, encrypted password, date of last password change, minimum password age, maximum password age, password warning period, password inactivity period, account expiration date, plus a reserved field for future use.

Just to double check, an strace of the chage command shows which files are opened,

 # strace -e trace=open -f chage -l myusername
   open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
   open("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
   open("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
   open("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre.so.3", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
   open("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3                                                                                                                                                                                                               
   open("/proc/filesystems", O_RDONLY)     = 3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
   open("/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
   open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW) = 3                                                                                                                                                                                                               
   open("/etc/shadow", O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW) = 4                                                                                                                                                                                                               
   open("/usr/share/locale/locale.alias", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 5                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
   open("/usr/share/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/shadow.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such      file or directory)                                                                                                                                                                        
   open("/usr/share/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/shadow.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)                                                                                                                                                                           
   open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/shadow.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)                                                                                                                                                               
   open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en/LC_MESSAGES/shadow.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)                                                                                                                                                                  
   open("/etc/localtime", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
   Last password change                                    : mag 05, 2014                                                                                                                                                                                                         
   Password expires                                        : never                                                                                                                                                                                                                
   Password inactive                                       : never                                                                                                                                                                                                                
   Account expires                                         : never                                                                                                                                                                                                                
   Minimum number of days between password change          : 0                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
   Maximum number of days between password change          : 99999                                                                                                                                                                                                                
   Number of days of warning before password expires       : 7                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
   +++ exited with 0 +++                                                 

• OK, for starters, I think you mean ps --pid and not ps ---pid.

• You don't need to echo $$ and then type the number into ps --pid number; it's good enough to type ps --pid $$.  Unless you're talking about

  # echo $$
  42
  # su joe
  % ps --pid 42
  

  in which case you're doing the right thing.

• What were you expecting?

  --pid pidlist

  Select by process ID.  Identical to -p and p.

  
  -p pidlist

  Select by PID.  This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in pidlist.  Identical to p and --pid.

  So, when you do ps --pid PID_of_shell, you're getting the line of ps's output for the shell process only.  You might find ps -l | grep PID_of_shell more useful; it will show any line that contains PID_of_shell anywhere, including in the PPID column.  I.e., it will show child processes of the shell.  But, of course, grep 42 will find things like 7428.

• Your guess is right; environment variables are passed from parent to child.  As indicated above, your su shell is a child of your login shell (or other parent shell).  Note, however, that a process can change its environment; sudo is somewhat notorious for doing this, and su does it too (e.g., it changes $USER, $LOGNAME, and $HOME unless you specify --preserve-environment, and even more if you do specify --login).  Also, a process can pass its children a different environment than the one it is using; the shell does that when you say something like PAGER=cat man man_page_topic.  References: 1, 2.
• So, no, if you set (export) an environment variable in the shell in one terminal, and then start another terminal through the window manager, it will not see the environment variable, because it is not a child (or descendent) of the shell that set it.  But, if you start a new terminal window from the shell (e.g., by xterm&), then that terminal window will inherit the shell's environment.