I fixed this problem relatively easily by going to to the 'Office Button' > Prepare > Edit Links to files, and selecting 'Change Source'.
I basically changed the source to a random blank Excel workbook within the same directory as the word document. After this, I carefully scanned through all Excel charts in my document. The faulty chart was caught red-handed and showed up as a blank Excel plot, as follows:
I just had to delete the chart and the link automatically broke.
SUMMARY: Break all links, find that there is one NULL source (or many) in the document, and then specify a pseudo-source Excel sheet. Only the chart with the external link shows up as a blank chart. All correctly copied charts that are clean (not linked to the external workbook) have no such issues.
Looking around, I see that this has not been comprehensively solved yet. I continue to search for fixes for myself.
I now believe that the problem is related to file associations - particularly with starter versions. In my case, this laptop probably came preloaded with starter 2010, and I installed 2013 before uninstalling it.
I see registry entries still calling out starter even after it's long gone from my system, so I will dive at that. Hopefully some registry wizards will jump in and help out!
---UPDATE---
Well, I tooled around in the registry and saw what to fix in, but all of the new Office entries (not the file extensions, but the class identifiers and whatnot) were too much to wrap my head around. So, nuke solution, which employs built-in repair:
in /HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, I deleted the identifiers that mentioned Excel (Excel, Excel.Chart, Excel.Sheet.12, etc.), Word, and Powerpoint.
For good measure, I also deleted the clusters of entries for Excel, Word, and Powerpoint file extensions (.xls, .doc, .ppt), which totaled maybe 20 for Excel, 10 for Word, and 15 for Powerpoint.
I then let Office repair itself with Control Panel > Programs > Microsoft Office (blah blah) > Change > Repair (I chose quick repair). The jump menus immediately started working again, at least for Excel.
I believe that deleting and repairing the identifiers alone would be enough. I should mention that I've also tried the fix with clearing "%AppData%\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\AutomaticDestinations", so it might have to be used in conjunction with the registry repair. Hope this helps!
Best Answer
For MS WORD,
For Excel,