On a modern system it is not especially common to run into the cases where it matters, but it does happen. (In particular, if you use shell operations in vim
such as :r !command
or the in-line !<motion>command
form.)
What would you put under ~/.bashrc? only aliases?
You put things in ~/.bashrc
that would not be inherited by subshells automatically; this means aliases and functions, mostly, although sometimes you have variable settings that you don't want visible outside the shell (this is very rare). It could be argued that those should be exported somehow, but various experimental attempts have run into compatibility issues with trying to hide them within the environment and have mostly been abandoned.
If I want to set an environment variable and add it to the PATH (for example JAVA_HOME) where it would be the best place to put the export entry? in ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bashrc?
You put environment settings in ~/.bash_profile
so that they are given sane initial settings. Sometimes you will want to override these (often this is done by complex environments such as Matlab or Cadence); if you put the environment settings in ~/.bashrc
then shells run from within those environments will lose the environments' customizations, and things may not work properly as a result. This also applies if you use a package like modules, virtualenv, rvm, etc. to manage multiple development environments; putting your settings in ~/.bashrc
means you can't run the environment you want from within your editor, but instead will be forced into the system default.
In a non-login shell, I believe the ~/.bash_profile is not being "picked up".
This is correct; you normally want the initial shell to be a login shell and any shells started under that one to not be login shells. If the initial shell is not a login shell, you won't have a default PATH
or various other settings (including your JAVA_HOME
example).
Most desktop environments launched from display managers (which is to say, the vast majority of graphical logins) do not set up a login environment for the entire desktop, so you are forced to run the initial shell in terminals as a login shell. This causes a number of problems (notably that the PATH
and such available to programs run from e.g. panels is not set up properly, because the panel is not a terminal and has not run ~/.bash_profile
), but is a reasonable compromise given that it is not always possible to sanely run ~/.bash_profile
in the non-interactive environment at the beginning of a session started by a display manager, depending on its contents. It is sometimes suggested to place environment settings in ~/.bashrc
instead of configuring a login shell instead; as discussed above, this works as long as you do not need to override that environment, and causes odd breakages once you do need to do so.
I recently helped diagnose an issue like this on OS X where a user who had placed settings in ~/.bashrc
then later started using rvm
and perlbrew saw odd behavior, because the environments set up by the two were "undone" by ~/.bashrc
inside editors and sudo
(which on OS X, unlike Linux, propagates the user's $HOME
so that their ~/.bashrc
was run by the root shell). Before trying to use those environments, there was no problem; on starting to use them, they were bewildered by the unexpected loss of their settings.
The correct way to do this is to put this into /etc/nssswitch.conf :
db_home: windows
See here for docs.
Also to make my homedir ls output more readable, I put this in ~/.bashrc :
alias ls="ls -h --color=auto --hide='ntuser.*' --hide='NTUSER.*'"
Best Answer
Don't forget it is a hidden file inside your home directory (you would not be the first to do a
ls -l
and thinking it is not there).Do following ...
There should be a
.bashrc
on the first page. If not just create it withAnd simply write following line into it.
OR Most of the distributions keep a standard
.bashrc
file in/etc/skel/
You can copy it to home directory.