Looks to me like it's syslogd itself causing the problem -- it's been sandboxed away from its data files, so when it tries to access them it generates a sandbox error, which gets handed to syslogd, which triggers it to try to get at its files again... and this repeats as fast as syslogd and sandboxd can go.
Check the contents of /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.syslogd.plist (the launchd item that controls how syslogd is launched). It should have a section like this:
<key>ProgramArguments</key>
<array>
<!--
Un-comment the following lines to run syslogd with a sandbox profile.
Sandbox profiles restrict processes from performing unauthorized
operations; so it may be necessary to update the profile
(/usr/share/sandbox/syslogd.sb) if any changes are made to the syslog
configuration (/etc/syslog.conf).
-->
<!--
<string>/usr/bin/sandbox-exec</string>
<string>-f</string>
<string>/usr/share/sandbox/syslogd.sb</string>
-->
<string>/usr/sbin/syslogd</string>
</array>
Note that in the above example (taken from my Mac), the sandbox wrapper around syslogd is commented out. Is the same true on your Mac? If not, re-add the comment markers, and restart syslogd (you can do this with launchctl, but I'd just reboot the machine).
Another note: I took a look in the sandbox profile, /usr/share/sandbox/syslogd.sb, and it looks (to my inexpert eyes) like it does deny mach-task-name and access to /private/var/log/asl/StoreData -- apparently, Apple hasn't debugged (/updated) the profile to match what syslogd actually needs...
Best Answer
Clear the logs in /private/var/log - especially system.log. That file gets quite large. Then delete data in Macintosh HD/Users/"your user name"/Library/Logs. Delete everything in there. Next, go to Macintosh HD/Library/Logs and delete everything in there, too. It's safe to delete these log files and will not affect system performance.