This information comes from the Wikipedia article for USB, but it would appear the reason is that the roundtrip communication time has a strict limit and that cable length can greatly affect that. Based on the following exerpt it would seem the roundtrip time for your setup is just too long and that the commands are getting dropped.
The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns.[38] The USB 2.0 specification requires cable delay to be less than 5.2 ns per meter (192,000 km/s, which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire).
It would appear that if you purchased a longer cable, instead of going with the hub setup, that it may function better (since the hubs will increase the overall delay per meter). I see that monoprice.com has cables going all the way up to 25m, so there may be a shop you can purchase a similar cable from locally.
For example, on a 4-port non-powered USB 3.0 hub,
This example is ambiguous. There are two kinds of "a non-powered" hubs, aka "bus-powered" hubs.
(1) The certified ones would have a special logical switch if plugged without external AC-DC adapter, and report to host as being "bus-powered", with an information on how much the hub silicon consumes itself.
(2) Hubs that fake their descriptors and falsely report themselves as "self-powered" hub, no matter with AC adapter or without.
In case (1) the host will make note of hub being bus-powered, and of its own power needs. Then, when sequentially enumerating devices from Port1 and so on, the host will read the device nameplate requirements, and check it against available port power budget of 900 mA. If the total doesn't exceed 900 mA, first device will be allowed to connect and operate. The same will happen with a device connected to Port2, etc, until the upstream (host) port budget is exhausted. The next attached device won't be allowed to operate. (Note: this USB 3.0 power budget schema is more elaborate than in USB 2.0, where a bus-powered hub would allow only under 100 mA devices per each port, no matter if all other ports may consume nothing).
In case (2) all devices will be allowed to connect, but the delivered power will likely sag (and cause hub malfunction and/or unstable operation), or host port would trigger its overcurrent protection, or cable might smoke out. You choose.
Best Answer
You can use a USB over CAT5 Extender. The link is one example. There are many available. You can then just add whatever length of CAT5 cable needed. I have used one with a USB webcam and it worked perfectly.
Alternate link or search CAT5 USB extender and you will find something. As noted, there are many models available