GPT Partitioned Disk not Recognized by BIOS

First, under Linux, the EFI System Partition (ESP) is normally mounted at /boot/efi, not at /EFI or /EFI Boot. The Ubuntu installer calls the ESP the "EFI boot partition," IIRC, and you may be using that term but adding / to its start. Thus, your setup may be correct, but your description is a bit unclear. I mention this because precision is important; there are a lot of subtle distinctions in EFI that get overlooked or that are easily distorted, and misunderstandings or miscommunication can lead one down a false path.

Second, I thought that Ubuntu did not give options about where to install the boot loader in an EFI-mode installation, although I could be mistaken. Thus, if you're seeing such an option, it could be that you've accidentally booted the installer in BIOS mode rather than in EFI mode. You can check this by dropping to a shell and looking for a directory called /sys/firmware/efi. If that directory is present, you've booted in EFI mode. If it's absent, you've probably booted in BIOS mode. If you find that you've booted in EFI mode, you should try again, but look for boot options to control the boot mode of your Ubuntu installation medium.

Recent computers use EFI, not BIOS, although manufacturers are confusing the issue by using the term "BIOS" in reference to their EFIs. The EFI boot process doesn't involve loading boot code from the disk's first sector, as it does with BIOS. Thus, disks aren't really bootable under EFI in the same sense that disks are bootable under BIOS. Instead, the EFI boot process involves booting files from a FAT partition, known as the EFI System Partition (ESP), on the hard disk. Ordinarily, these boot loaders must be registered with the EFI, which stores data about them in NVRAM. Removable disks can be booted by storing the boot loader using a fixed name (EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi for x86-64 systems), and this fixed-name approach also usually works on hard disks. Built-in EFI boot loaders often present menu options for this fallback filename as if they were whole-disk boot options, as in your "Boot option #1" in your third screen shot. Boot loaders that are properly registered with the EFI typically have names, like "Gentoo" or "Ubuntu." There can be multiple such entries per disk, or none at all.

There is a twist in all this: Most EFIs include a Compatibility Support Module (CSM), which provides a BIOS compatibility layer that enables the EFI to boot BIOS-mode OSes. If this is enabled, then you may see boot options to boot OSes in BIOS mode, although these boot options often lack "BIOS mode" in their descriptions. Your "Boot Option #2" in your third screen shot is probably such an option. Unfortunately, the options to control CSM mode are entirely non-standardized, so I can't tell how your system is working with respect to CSM; it might be enabled only for external disks or for all disks but it might be ignoring your internal disk if a BIOS-mode boot loader wasn't found.

In any event, you probably need to either enable CSM options or install an EFI-mode boot loader on your hard disk and register it with the EFI. Since you said you used GPT partitioning, I recommend the second option. See my Web page on EFI boot loaders for Linux for information on the boot loaders you can use for this purpose and how to register them with the EFI. If you've already done all this, it's conceivable that you've encountered a bug. In this case, you may need to use another tool, such as the bcfg utility in an EFI version 2 shell, to register your boot loader. See this section of the rEFInd documentation to learn how to do this with rEFInd. (The process would be virtually identical for another boot loader.)