It's generally called paging.
Different vendors have implemented it in different ways. SQL Server was late in adopting the standard (OFFSET/FETCH in SQL Server 2012); prior to that you had to use wacky tricks with CTEs and ROW_NUMBER(), and I forget what we did in SQL Server 2000. #temp tables? MySQL chose to one-finger salute the standard and use LIMIT.
Lots of discussion about various techniques for SQL Server in this comment thread.
I am quite sure that the term you are looking for is derived relation.
In relational jargon, a single and normalized table is called a base relation (or base table). In a SQL database management system (DBMS), relations (tables) of this category are the ones declared with the aid of the data definition language (DDL).
The fact of applying certain relational operations (such as JOIN, for instance) on these base relations (or base tables), yields a different type of relation, which is known as derived relation (or derived table). It may be useful to think of this kind of relations as “virtual” tables (as you properly stated) that arise as a result of “playing” with the aforementioned base ones. Tables of this class are declared with the aid of the data manipulation language (DML) in a SQL DBMS.
In order to get practical advantages, a derived relation (table) can be set up as a VIEW in a DBMS. Of course, some of them can be wide and some of them can be narrow, and this aspect is determined by the number of base relations involved and the number of attributes (columns) defined in a particular operation.
To support the above, and because you want an accepted term, it is necessary to refer to an authoritative source. The best one is, naturally, the inventor of the Relational Model, Dr. Edgar Frank Codd. Regarding to these type of relations (tables), here is a small excerpt1 from his paper Extending the Database Relational Model to Capture More Meaning:
Base relations are those which are defined independently of other relations in the database in the sense that no base relation is completely derivable (independently of time) from any other base relation(s). Derived relations are those which can be completely derived from the base relations. It is this kind of relation which is normally employed to provide users or application programs with their own views of the database.
And here is an extract2 from his book The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2:
…[R]elations, or R-tables, that are internally represented by stored data in some implementation-defined way are called the base relations or base R-tables. All R-tables other than base R-tables are called derived relations or, synonymously, derived R-tables. An example of a derived relation is a view. A view is a virtual R-table defined in terms of other R-tables, and is represented by its defining expression only.
References
1 Codd, E. F. (Dec. 1979). Extending the database relational model to capture more meaning, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Volume 4 Issue 4 (pp. 397-434). New York, NY, USA.
2 Codd, E. F. (Jan. 1990). Introduction to Version 2 of the Relational Model. In The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 (pp. 17-18). Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley
Best Answer
The term Attribute would be the most appropriate.
Relational Database Theory
Basically, you're talking about columns and 'Column' is most appropriate when talking about the database itself or in SQL terms, however in common parlance this may not be understood by the layperson. 'Field' is a somewhat archaic term that can also be used and is usually associated with forms, but 'Attribute' is the technically correct word in Relational Theory, and would probably be most likely to be convey the meaning that you want to people.