divided linked to some info that explains the basic issue (there's performance differences), but it's not simple enough to say that one's always better than the other. (otherwise, there'd be no reason to have both.) Also, in MyISM, the 64k max size for VARCHAR isn't per field -- it's per record.
Basically, there's 4 ways to store strings in database records:
- fixed length
- C-style strings (marked with a NULL or similar character at the end of the string)
- Pascal style strings (a few bytes to indicate length, then the string)
- Pointers (store the string somewhere else)
MyISM uses something similar to #3 for VARCHAR, and a hybrid approach for TEXT where it stores the beginning of the string in the record, then rest of the string somewhere else.
InnoDB is similar for VARCHAR, but stores the complete TEXT field outside of the record.
With 1&4, the stuff in the record is always the same length, so it's easier to skip over if you don't need the string, but need stuff after it. Both #2 and #3 aren't too bad for short strings ... #2 has to keep looking for the marker, while #3 can skip ahead ... as the strings get longer, #2 gets worse for this particular use case.
If you actually need to read the string, #4 is slower, as you have to read the record, then read the string which might be stored elsewhere on the disk, depending on just how that database handles it. #1 is always pretty straightforward, and again you run into similar issues where for #2 gets worse the longer the string is, while #3 is a little worse than #2 for very small strings, but better as it gets longer.
Then there's storage requirements ... #1 is always a fixed length, so it might have bloat if most strings aren't the max length. #2 has 1 extra byte; #3 typically has 2 extra bytes if max length = 255, 4 extra bytes if a 64k max. #4 has the pointer length, plus the rules for #3 typically.
For the specific implementations within MySQL 5.1, the docs for MyISM state:
- Support for a true VARCHAR type; a VARCHAR column starts with a length stored in one or two bytes.
- Tables with VARCHAR columns may have fixed or dynamic row length.
- The sum of the lengths of the VARCHAR and CHAR columns in a table may be up to 64KB.
While for InnoDB :
- The variable-length part of the record header contains a bit vector for indicating NULL columns. If the number of columns in the index that can be NULL is N, the bit vector occupies CEILING(N/8) bytes. (For example, if there are anywhere from 9 to 15 columns that can be NULL, the bit vector uses two bytes.) Columns that are NULL do not occupy space other than the bit in this vector. The variable-length part of the header also contains the lengths of variable-length columns. Each length takes one or two bytes, depending on the maximum length of the column. If all columns in the index are NOT NULL and have a fixed length, the record header has no variable-length part.
- For each non-NULL variable-length field, the record header contains the length of the column in one or two bytes. Two bytes will only be needed if part of the column is stored externally in overflow pages or the maximum length exceeds 255 bytes and the actual length exceeds 127 bytes. For an externally stored column, the two-byte length indicates the length of the internally stored part plus the 20-byte pointer to the externally stored part. The internal part is 768 bytes, so the length is 768+20. The 20-byte pointer stores the true length of the column.
...
as with so many other things when dealing with databases, if you're not sure what's best for your needs, try benchmarking it with similar data & usage, and see how they behave.
To change datatype, you have to drop and recreate the Index as below (alternatively you can use SSMS, which does similar thing behind the scenes) :
- drop any foreign keys in other tables that references this index.
- drop the index
- change the column datatype
- rebuild the index
- Put back any foreign keys that you dropped in step 1.
Alternatively, you can wrap below in a transaction with TABLE_LOCK so that no one can insert/update/delete while the change is occurring --
- Create another table with Name_staging and columns with correct datatype
- create Indexes, FK, etc
- Insert the data into the Name_staging table
- Rename the Name_staging to Original table.
Note: Its best to perform above task in maintenance window.
Best Answer
How are you measuring the size of your tables and indexes?
The way SQL Server works is once the database is allocated disk space, it still retains that disk space and only marks it empty / for re-use internally when data is reduced / removed until a
SHRINKor similar operation occurs that forces the release of that acquired space back to the disk.So changing data types of a fixed-width to a type that uses less space doesn't automatically trigger the release of that previously claimed space back to the disk unless you rebuild your indexes, run a
SHRINK, etc.As Martin points out in the comments, if you are using compression, then likely the used space of the
BIGINTcolumn that only heldINTvalues was already being compressed to an equivalent space use of anINTcolumn, which would also explain why you wouldn't see it change in size by changing data types, even if you did rebuild your indexes or ran aSHRINKoperation.