Sql-server – SQL Server – How many type of timeouts can happen, and how

deadlockquery-timeoutsql server

When working with SQL Server, there can be multiple application host accessing it, and each application can have one or multiple connections. Each connection can potentially have multiple transactions (please correct me if I am wrong). Each transaction can perform query or non-query SQL.

In my experience, I easily run into timeout if I query a table that is exclusively locked. I also saw SQL Server detect and throw a deadlock exception instead of timeout if two different applications lock on the same resource. I also show rebuilding index timeout, which possible due to someone still have connection to table.

However, I also encounter a kind of deadlock where SQL Server doesn't detect it or timeout out. In this application, it opened two connections, two separate transactions, where 1st transaction locked a resource, and the 2nd transaction try to access the same resource, but it hasn't close the first transaction.

Would someone provide a list of types of timeouts and/or deadlocks, it would help me to avoid these kind of cases when working on the application.

Best Answer

Well from an application point of view there are:

  • connection timeout (how long the app is willing to wait to establish a connection to SQL Server)
  • command timeout (how long the app is willing to wait for a command to complete, including pulling the results down from SQL Server)

Back in my classic ASP days, the defaults for these were 15 and 30 seconds respectively, I have no idea what they are by default in .NET today.

SQL Server has its own set of timeouts, for example:

  • Remote query timeout. Default is 600 seconds (10 minutes).
  • Remote login timeout. Default is 10 seconds.
  • Query wait. Default is -1 (25 x query cost).
  • Full-text protocol handler timeout. Default is 60 seconds.

You can see these values for your system here:

SELECT * FROM sys.configurations
WHERE configuration_id IN (1519,1520,1541,1557);

There is also @@LOCK_TIMEOUT (which defaults to -1 (infinity)). This is how long SQL Server will wait on a blocked resource. You can override this for a particular session using SET LOCK_TIMEOUT. More details here.

Deadlocks I suppose could also fall into this category as well. The system scans for deadlock situations every 5 seconds, and there is no magic formula to determine when the deadlock will occur in relation to when any of the involved requests started. This is because SQL Server doesn't let the oldest transaction win; it chooses the victim based on DEADLOCK_PRIORITY and the estimated amount of resources required to roll the victim back. More details here.

There is also a memory grant timeout (which may be customized using Resource Governor). Depending on concurrency, a query won't necessarily fail if it reaches the timeout before obtaining all of the memory requested, it will just run with the allocated amount (and therefore might be less efficient). If it fails you will likely see Msg 8645.

You can get an idea for other potential timeout scenarios that may occur within SQL Server by reviewing these error messages:

SELECT message_id, [text]
  FROM sys.messages 
  WHERE language_id = 1033 
  AND ([text] LIKE '%timeout%' OR [text] LIKE '%time out%')

However I don't think it is practical, feasible or productive for anyone to try to provide you with a complete and exhaustive list of every single timeout situation possible. Solve the problems you're having, rather than prematurely solving a whole bunch of problems you probably never will...

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