SQL Server – Impact of Changing Instance Passwords

Some best practices:

• Create a DBA user for yourself. This should be the only user with "WITH GRANT OPTION" in their permissions. This should also be the only user with select privileges on *.* because that includes mysql.user.
• Every user should have their own username and password, no shared accounts. They should each have permissions to specific databases; again, not *.*.
• And then delete that shared root user.
• Don't let non-DBAs have root access on your db server.
• Symlink your ~/.mysql_history file to /dev/null and it won't record anything.

There are others; this will get you to a better place.

You can also write a little script that outputs the grants (e.g., using pt-show-grants) and diffs to the previous output, and then emails you when there's a difference.

btw, it's hard to have enough space to store a general log on an active production system. It can get very big very quickly.

Risk mitigation would indicate creating a separate account for each service on each machine. The level of work required to create the accounts necessary is extremely minimal, but the unknown risks that accompany not doing so are quite high, according to Microsoft's own recommendations.

Microsoft Best Practices recommend using separate service accounts for all services.

See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms144228.aspx#isolated_services for details.

The salient points being:

Isolate Services

Isolating services reduces the risk that one compromised service could be used to compromise others. To isolate services, consider the following guidelines:

Run separate SQL Server services under separate Windows accounts. Whenever possible, use separate, low-rights Windows or Local user accounts for each SQL Server service. For more information, see Configure Windows Service Accounts and Permissions.

There is also a KB talking about securing SQL Server that mentions how to configure service accounts properly:

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2160720

When choosing service accounts, consider the principle of least privilege. The service account should have exactly the privileges that it needs to do its job and no more privileges. You also need to consider account isolation; the service accounts should not only be different from one another, they should not be used by any other service on the same server. Do not grant additional permissions to the SQL Server service account or the service groups. Permissions will be granted through group membership or granted directly to a service SID, where a service SID is supported. For more details please refer to Books Online Topic Setting Up Windows Service Accounts.

Technet has an article, titled Configure Windows Service Accounts and Permissions at http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143504.aspx that has this to say:

Security Note: Always run SQL Server services by using the lowest possible user rights. Use a MSA or virtual account when possible. When MSA and virtual accounts are not possible, use a specific low-privilege user account or domain account instead of a shared account for SQL Server services. Use separate accounts for different SQL Server services. Do not grant additional permissions to the SQL Server service account or the service groups. Permissions will be granted through group membership or granted directly to a service SID, where a service SID is supported.

"MSA" in the above paragraph refers to "Managed Service Accounts" which is the default for installations on Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2 and above. Managed Service Accounts are defacto unique to each machine.

As an aside, one issue I think about when configuring multiple servers to run under the same service account is account lockouts. If you use a single service account for all SQL Servers, and the service account gets locked out, all your servers might be affected. If you have one account per service, at most one server can be affected by a lockout.