How to Specify a Linked Server to Remote Database Over TCP/IP

You can turn on trace flag 7300 which might give you a more detailed error message

How many rows does a representative query return? How fast/reliable is the network connection between the two servers?

It's possible that a large dataset is taking too long to transfer (on top of the actual query time). You could raise the timeout value.

You can try to reconfigure the timeout setting as follows:

Set the remote login timeout to 300 seconds:

sp_configure 'remote login timeout', 300
go 
reconfigure with override 
go 

Set the remote query timeout to 0 (infinite wait):

sp_configure 'remote query timeout', 0 
go 
reconfigure with override 
go 

Update: SQL Server 2012 SP1 onwards: users with SELECT permission will be able to access DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS which will improve read only performance on linked servers. Ref: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms174384(v=sql.110).aspx

Update: You are correct in saying it's not the size of data or connection speed. It rang a bell in my foggy memory and I remembered where I had seen it: Slow in the Application, Fast in SSMS?(An Issue With Linked Servers). It's not parameter sniffing, it is the statistics themselves that are missing (due to permissions), causing a bad query plan to be used:

You can see that the estimates are different. When I ran as sysadmin, the estimate was 1 row, which is a correct number, since there are no Orders in Northwind where the order ID exceeds 20000. But when I ran as a plain user, the estimate was 249 rows. We recognize this particular number as 30 % of 830 orders, or the estimate for an inequality operation when the optimizer has no information. Previously, this was due to an unknown variable value, but in this case there is no variable that can be unknown. No, it is the statistics themselves that are missing.

As long as a query accesses only tables in the local server, the optimizer can always access the statistics for all tables in the query; there are no extra permission checks. But this is different with tables on a linked server. When SQL Server accesses a linked server, there is no secret protocol that is only used for inter-server communication. No, instead SQL Server uses the standard OLE DB interface for linked servers, be other SQL Server instances, Oracle, text files or your home-brewed data source, and connects just like any other user. Exactly how statistics is retrieved depends on the data source and the OLE DB provider in question. In this case, the provider is SQL Server Native Client which retrieves the statistics in two steps. (You can see this by running Profiler against the remote server). First the provider runs the procedure sp_table_statistics2_rowset which returns information about which column statistics there are, as well as their cardinality and their density information. In the second step, the provider runs DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS, a command that returns the full distribution statistics. (We will look closer at this command later in this article.) Here is the catch: to run DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS, you must be member of the server role sysadmin or any of the database roles db_owner or db_ddladmin.

And this is why I got different results. When running as sysadmin I got the full distribution statistics which indicated that there are no rows with order ID > 20000, and the estimate was one row. (Recall that the optimizer never assumes zero rows from statistics.) But when running as the plain user, DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS failed with a permission error. This error was not propagated, but instead the optimizer accepted that there were no statistics and used default assumptions. Since it did get cardinality information, it learnt that the remote table has 830 rows, whence the estimate of 249 rows.

Whenever you encounter a performance problem where a query that includes access to a linked server is slow in the application, but it runs fast when you test it from SSMS, you should always investigate if insufficient permissions on the remote database could be the cause. (Keep in mind that the access to the linked server may not be overt in the query, but could be hidden in a view.) If you determine that permissions on the remote database is the problem, what actions could you take?

• You can add the users to the role db_ddladmin, but since this gives them right to add and drop tables, this is not recommendable.

• By default, when a users connect to a remote server they connect as themselves, but you can set up a login mapping with sp_addlinkedsrvlogin, so that users map to a proxy account that has membership in db_ddladmin. Note that this proxy account must be an SQL login, so this is not an option if the remote server does not have SQL authentication enabled. This solution too is somewhat dubious from a security perspective, although its better the previous suggestion.

• In some cases you can rewrite the query with OPENQUERY to force evaluation on the remote server. This can be particularly useful, if the query includes several remote tables. (But it can also backfire, because the optimizer now gets even less statistics information from the remote server.)

• You could of course use the full battery of hints and plan guides to get the plan you want.

• Finally, you should ask yourself whether that linked-server access is needed. Maybe the databases could be on the same server? Could data be replicated? Some other solution?

I found my answer at MS SQL Server Forum: SQL Server 2005 X64 Linked Server error

Turnes out I had "Level zero only" checked

So, it goes something like this: x64 Query > Linked Server to x86 > View > Linked Server to ADS
So, something like this now works...

SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY([HAL2011\SQLEXPRESS], 'SELECT PartNum, OnHand FROM [master].[dbo].[vHPQoH]')

Where [HAL2011\SQLEXPRESS] is the x86 Server with a view [vHPQoH] to a lined server pointing to the Sybase ADS.

But thanks to everyone for your help. I still learned a lot! This place is great!