Sql-server – Do you think is necessary to create an auxiliary translate table for table that has only two elements (id and name)

If you have a one-to-many relationship between Producers and Products (in other words, a product can only belong to one producer), than it would make sense to just put a foreign key reference directly in your Products table:

create table Producer
(
    id int identity(1, 1) not null primary key clustered,
    Name varchar(100) not null
)
go

create table Product
(
    id int identity(1, 1) not null,
    Name varchar(100) not null,
    ProducerId int not null foreign key references Producer(id)
)
go

But if there's a chance that this will be a many-to-many relationship, then your best bet would be to use a Join table.

Many-To-Many

create table Producer
(
    id int identity(1, 1) not null primary key clustered,
    Name varchar(100) not null
)
go

create table Product
(
    id int identity(1, 1) not null primary key clustered,
    Name varchar(100) not null
)
go

create table ProductProducer
(
    ProductId int not null foreign key references Product(id),
    ProducerId int not null foreign key references Producer(id)
)
go

-- adding the primary key also ensures uniqueness
alter table ProductProducer
add constraint PK_ProductProducer 
primary key (ProductId, ProducerId)
go

If you decide to go with the Join table, you wouldn't need to have an additional key, as the combination of ProductId/ProducerId would ultimately be unique. You could use them as a composite key, so you wouldn't need that additional Id field in ProductProducer.

If I understand your requirements correctly....

I would just use the natural key, LanguageCode-CultureCode ("en-US," for example). It's small enough. (I'm using the entire "en-US" as the primary key to differentiate it from "en-GB," for example.)

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Language](
    [Language] [char](2) NOT NULL,
    [Culture] [char](2) NOT NULL,
    [LanguageCode]  AS (([Language]+'-')+[Culture]) PERSISTED NOT NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_Language] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [Language] ASC,
    [Culture] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY],
 CONSTRAINT [LanguageCode] UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED 
(
    [LanguageCode] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

GO

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Language_Text](
    [LanguageID] [varchar](5) NOT NULL,
    [LanguageCode] [varchar](5) NOT NULL,
    [LanguageName] [nvarchar](20) NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_Language_Text] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [LanguageID] ASC,
    [LanguageCode] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Language_Text]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_Language_Text_Language] FOREIGN KEY([LanguageCode])
REFERENCES [dbo].[Language] ([LanguageCode])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Language_Text] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_Language_Text_Language]
GO

This should allow you to get all articles in en or sv, and you can also query for en-US or sv-SE. Presumably, although it wasn't in your example, you could also query for en-CA, fr-CA, en, fr, or CA.

Edit--I'm sorry, you're right, no search by Culture in my old code. Revamped above, sorry. Here's a sample of content:

Language:

Language-Culture-LanguageCode
en  US  en-US
sv  SE  sv-SE

Language_Text:

LanguageID-LanguageCode-LanguageName
en-US   en-US   English
en-US   sv-SE   Engelska
sv-SE   en-US   Swedish
sv-SE   sv-SE   Svenska

Searching by Culture (Canada):

SELECT        test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageID, test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageCode, test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageName
FROM            test.dbo.Language_Text INNER JOIN
                         test.dbo.Language ON test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageID = test.dbo.Language.LanguageCode
WHERE        (test.dbo.Language.Culture = 'CA')

Searching by Language (French):

SELECT        test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageID, test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageCode, test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageName
FROM            test.dbo.Language_Text INNER JOIN
                         test.dbo.Language ON test.dbo.Language_Text.LanguageID = test.dbo.Language.LanguageCode
WHERE        (test.dbo.Language.Language = 'fr')

Searching by LanguageCode (Swedish):

SELECT LanguageName
  FROM [test].[dbo].[Language_Text]
  where (LanguageID = 'sv-SE')