Postgresql – How to determine if a postgres database needs to be vaccumed

First of all, keep in mind that work_mem is per operation and so it can get excessive pretty quickly. In general if you are not having trouble with sorts being slow I would leave work_mem alone until you need it.

Looking at your query plans, one thing that strikes me is that the buffer hits are very different looking at the two plans, and that even the sequential scans are slower. I suspect that the issue has to do with read-ahead caching and having less space for that. What this means is you are biasing memory for re-use of indexes and against reading tables on disk.

My understanding is that PostgreSQL will look to the cache for a page before reading it from disk because it doesn't know really whether the OS cache will contain that page. Because the pages are then staying in the cache and because that cache is slower than the OS cache, this changes the sorts of queries which are fast vs the sorts that are slow. In fact reading the plans, aside from work_mem issues, it looks like all of your query info comes from the cache but it is a question of which cache.

work_mem: how much memory we can allocate for a sort or related join operation. This is per operation, not per statement or per back-end, so a single complex query can use many times this amount of memory. It isn't clear you are hitting this limit but it is worth noting and being aware of. if you increase this too far, you lose memory that might be available for the read cache and the shared buffers.

shared_buffers: how much memory to allocate to the actual PostgreSQL page queue. Now, ideally the interesting set of your database will stay in memory cached here and in the read buffers. However, what this does is ensure that the most frequently used information across all backends gets cached and not flushed to disk. On Linux this cache is significantly slower than the OS disk cache, but it offers guarantees that the OS disk cache dos not and is transparent to PostgreSQL. This is pretty clearly where your problem is.

So what happens is that when we have a request, we check the shared buffers first since PostgreSQL has deep knowledge of this cache, and look for the pages. If they are not there we ask the OS to open them from the file, and if the OS has cached the result it returns the cached copy (this is faster than the shared buffers, but Pg can't tell whether it is cached or on disk, and disk is much slower so PostgreSQL typically will not take that chance). Keep in mind this affects random vs sequential page access as well. So you may get better performance with lower shared_buffers settings.

My gut sense is that you probably get better, or at least more consistent, performance in high concurrency environments with larger shared_buffer settings. Also keep in mind that PostgreSQL grabs this memory and holds it so if you have other things running on the system, the read buffers will hold files read by other processes. It's a very large and complex topic. Larger shared buffer settings provide better guarantees of performance but may deliver less performance in some cases.

I'm not really sure this is a problem in itself, because, as you can see, a single SSD drive can outperform an 8 disk RAID 10 setup in many tests.

Almost all the tests point to a better speed of the single SSD drive:

• better latencies
• lower CPU usage (if I'm reading correctly in some case it's 44% vs 95%)
• no of transactions per second is bigger with 55%
• no of transactions in total is bigger with the same 55%

In a single case that SSD was outperformed, and that was sequential writes. Which, I'd say, is most usual for batches, not for an OLTP style of load. So if you're having mostly these kind of writes, maybe a single SSD is not a solution for you now.

And we're not talking about Fusion-IO drives (which I suspect might bring you that next level you'll expect, but at a next level price).

From the point of view of the DBA that had to work with crappy storage over the years, this is a fair advancement in technology and they seem to work properly, but maybe I have set my expectations too low.

I would expect to see more improvements from your SSD in testing the benchmark with more threads and with higher concurrency, as this is where the SSDs shine. So if you could repeat your tests with way more clients and more threads, I'd be curious about that comparison result.