PostgreSQL WAL – How to Apportion Usage to Database, Table, or Query

postgresqlpostgresql-performance

I have a PostgreSQL 11 database which hosts several databases, some of which are contain tables that are frequently inserted and updated. Recently the amount of data being written to WAL files has increased greatly (about 400%), though I believe that the number of inserts to the database has increased by only about 20%.

As a consequence not only are we using more disk, but our database performance now seems constrained by the writer performance of the disks the WALs are on.

The application is updated very frequently, and it may be that something in the application (which we control, and are able to change) has changed, which is causing less efficient inserts/updates to be made, but I don't know how we would identify that. There have probably been a many changes since this change In behaviour started, and several since it was first noticed.

Is there a way of determining which databases/tables/queries are writing to the WAL, and in what (approximate) quantity?

Best Answer

If you are using PostgreSQL v13, you can install pg_stat_statements, which logs the amount of WAL per statement in the wal_bytes column. So you could run

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;

SELECT wal_bytes, calls, query
FROM pg_stat_statements
ORDER BY wal_bytes DESC
LIMIT 10;

The WAL itself has no connection to a certain SQL statement, but if you examine the entries with pg_waldump, you can connect them to certain files, which correspond to database objects. That route is cumbersome.

Upgrade to v13.

Related Solutions

Postgresql – Determine when a PostgreSQL database was last changed

While using select datname, xact_commit from pg_stat_database; as suggested by @Jack Douglas doesn't quite work (apparently due to autovacuum), select datname, tup_inserted, tup_updated, tup_deleted from pg_stat_database does appear to work. Both DML and DDL changes will change the values of tup_* columns while a vacuum does not (vacuum analyze on the other hand...).

In the off chance that this may be useful for others, I'm including the backup script that I've put in place. This works for Pg 8.4.x but not for 8.2.x-- YMMV depending on the version of Pg used.

#!/usr/bin/env perl
=head1 Synopsis

pg_backup -- selectively backup a postgresql database cluster

=head1 Description

Perform backups (pg_dump*) of postgresql databases in a cluster on an
as needed basis.

For some database clusters, there may be databases that are:

 a. rarely updated/changed and therefore shouldn't require dumping as 
    often as those databases that are frequently changed/updated.

 b. are large enough that dumping them without need is undesirable.

The global data is always dumped without regard to whether any 
individual databses need backing up or not.

=head1 Usage

pg_backup [OPTION]...

General options:

  -F, --format=c|t|p    output file format for data dumps 
                          (custom, tar, plain text) (default is custom)
  -a, --all             backup (pg_dump) all databases in the cluster 
                          (default is to only pg_dump databases that have
                          changed since the last backup)
  --backup-dir          directory to place backup files in 
                          (default is ./backups)
  -v, --verbose         verbose mode
  --help                show this help, then exit

Connection options:

  -h, --host=HOSTNAME   database server host or socket directory
  -p, --port=PORT       database server port number
  -U, --username=NAME   connect as specified database user
  -d, --database=NAME   connect to database name for global data

=head1 Notes

This utility has been developed against PostgreSQL version 8.4.x. Older 
versions of PostgreSQL may not work.

`vacuum` does not appear to trigger a backup unless there is actually 
something to vacuum whereas `vacuum analyze` appears to always trigger a 
backup.

=head1 Copyright and License

Copyright (C) 2011 by Gregory Siems

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 
under the same terms as PostgreSQL itself, either PostgreSQL version 
8.4 or, at your option, any later version of PostgreSQL you may have 
available.

=cut

use strict;
use warnings;
use Getopt::Long;
use Data::Dumper;
use POSIX qw(strftime);

my %opts = get_options();

my $connect_options = '';
$connect_options .= "--$_=$opts{$_} " for (qw(username host port));

my $shared_dump_args = ($opts{verbose})
    ? $connect_options . ' --verbose '
    : $connect_options;

my $backup_prefix = (exists $opts{host} && $opts{host} ne 'localhost')
    ? $opts{backup_dir} . '/' . $opts{host} . '-'
    : $opts{backup_dir} . '/';

do_main();


########################################################################
sub do_main {
    backup_globals();

    my $last_stats_file = $backup_prefix . 'last_stats';

    # get the previous pg_stat_database data
    my %last_stats;
    if ( -f $last_stats_file) {
        %last_stats = parse_stats (split "\n", slurp_file ($last_stats_file));
    }

    # get the current pg_stat_database data
    my $cmd = 'psql ' . $connect_options;
    $cmd .= " $opts{database} " if (exists $opts{database});
    $cmd .= "-Atc \"
        select date_trunc('minute', now()), datid, datname, 
            xact_commit, tup_inserted, tup_updated, tup_deleted 
        from pg_stat_database 
        where datname not in ('template0','template1','postgres'); \"";
    $cmd =~ s/\ns+/ /g;
    my @stats = `$cmd`;
    my %curr_stats = parse_stats (@stats);

    # do a backup if needed
    foreach my $datname (sort keys %curr_stats) {
        my $needs_backup = 0;
        if ($opts{all}) {
            $needs_backup = 1;
        }
        elsif ( ! exists $last_stats{$datname} ) {
            $needs_backup = 1;
            warn "no last stats for $datname\n" if ($opts{debug});
        }
        else {
            for (qw (tup_inserted tup_updated tup_deleted)) {
                if ($last_stats{$datname}{$_} != $curr_stats{$datname}{$_}) {
                    $needs_backup = 1;
                    warn "$_ stats do not match for $datname\n" if ($opts{debug});
                }
            }
        }
        if ($needs_backup) {
            backup_db ($datname);
        }
        else {
            chitchat ("Database \"$datname\" does not currently require backing up.");
        }
    }

    # update the pg_stat_database data
    open my $fh, '>', $last_stats_file || die "Could not open $last_stats_file for output. !$\n";
    print $fh @stats;
    close $fh;
}

sub parse_stats {
    my @in = @_;
    my %stats;
    chomp @in;
    foreach my $line (@in) {
        my @ary = split /\|/, $line;
        my $datname = $ary[2];
        next unless ($datname);
        foreach my $key (qw(tmsp datid datname xact_commit tup_inserted tup_updated tup_deleted)) {
            my $val = shift @ary;
            $stats{$datname}{$key} = $val;
        }
    }
    return %stats;
}

sub backup_globals {
    chitchat ("Backing up the global data.");

    my $backup_file = $backup_prefix . 'globals-only.backup.gz';
    my $cmd = 'pg_dumpall --globals-only ' . $shared_dump_args;
    $cmd .= " --database=$opts{database} " if (exists $opts{database});

    do_dump ($backup_file, "$cmd | gzip");
}

sub backup_db {
    my $database = shift;
    chitchat ("Backing up database \"$database\".");

    my $backup_file = $backup_prefix . $database . '-schema-only.backup.gz';
    do_dump ($backup_file, "pg_dump --schema-only --create --format=plain $shared_dump_args $database | gzip");

    $backup_file = $backup_prefix . $database . '.backup';
    do_dump ($backup_file, "pg_dump --format=". $opts{format} . " $shared_dump_args $database");
}

sub do_dump {
    my ($backup_file, $cmd) = @_;

    my $temp_file = $backup_file . '.new';
    warn "Command is: $cmd > $temp_file" if ($opts{debug});

    chitchat (`$cmd > $temp_file`);
    if ( -f $temp_file ) {
        chitchat (`mv $temp_file $backup_file`);
    }
}

sub chitchat {
    my @ary = @_;
    return unless (@ary);
    chomp @ary;
    my $first   = shift @ary;
    my $now     = strftime "%Y%m%d-%H:%M:%S", localtime;
    print +(join "\n                  ", "$now $first", @ary), "\n";
}

sub get_options {
    Getopt::Long::Configure('bundling');

    my %opts = ();
    GetOptions(
        "a"             => \$opts{all},
        "all"           => \$opts{all},
        "p=s"           => \$opts{port},
        "port=s"        => \$opts{port},
        "U=s"           => \$opts{username},
        "username=s"    => \$opts{username},
        "h=s"           => \$opts{host},
        "host=s"        => \$opts{host},
        "F=s"           => \$opts{format},
        "format=s"      => \$opts{format},
        "d=s"           => \$opts{database},
        "database=s"    => \$opts{database},
        "backup-dir=s"  => \$opts{backup_dir},
        "help"          => \$opts{help},
        "v"             => \$opts{verbose},
        "verbose"       => \$opts{verbose},
        "debug"         => \$opts{debug},
        );

    # Does the user need help?
    if ($opts{help}) {
        show_help();
    }

    $opts{host}         ||= $ENV{PGHOSTADDR} || $ENV{PGHOST}     || 'localhost';
    $opts{port}         ||= $ENV{PGPORT}     || '5432';
    $opts{host}         ||= $ENV{PGHOST}     || 'localhost';
    $opts{username}     ||= $ENV{PGUSER}     || $ENV{USER}       || 'postgres';
    $opts{database}     ||= $ENV{PGDATABASE} || $opts{username};
    $opts{backup_dir}   ||= './backups';

    my %formats = (
        c       => 'custom',
        custom  => 'custom',
        t       => 'tar',
        tar     => 'tar',
        p       => 'plain',
        plain   => 'plain',
    );
    $opts{format} = (defined $opts{format})
        ? $formats{$opts{format}} || 'custom'
        : 'custom';

    warn Dumper \%opts if ($opts{debug});
    return %opts;
}

sub show_help {
    print `perldoc -F $0`;
    exit;
}

sub slurp_file { local (*ARGV, $/); @ARGV = shift; <> }

__END__

Update: the script has been put on github here.

PostgreSQL Initial Database Size – SQL Server and PostgreSQL Fragmentation

No the only thing close to that is when you compile the server with the --with-segsize switch, this might help if your table is taking up more space than a gig and your file system can handle a single file being over a gig. If your inserting 20 gigs it will have to create 20 files if you don't use this switch. If your file system can handle a file over a gig you can just set it to a large value most likely see some benefit, worst case a small benefit.
Take a look at CLUSTER http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/sql-cluster.htmland FILLFACTOR http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/sql-createtable.html, http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/sql-createindex.html

Note that FILLFACTOR can be applied to both tables and indexes.

Best Answer

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