MySQL Load Balancing what do i need Replication or Cluster

MySQLmysql-5.6windows

So My MySQL database server is reaching it's limits with the number of queries selects, updates, inserts etc it can concurrently take resulting in high CPU usage more than what a single machine can take any more.

I have been seeking out my options and have come to the conclusion I should go about either setting up a Replication or Cluster.

But as with anything everyone's needs are different, So I will inform you about my current application. Joomla CMS, InnoDB database handler. (Pretty straight forward.)

Now the way I can think of it being the easiest setup for my needs is something like this. I know replication and clustering probably does not work like this but I ask this question to be corrected and to be pointed in the direction of the setup I should pursue.

I drew a lovely little bit of art in Windows Paint in order to show you what I am after.

I want to load balance all forms/types of queries across multiple machines and have them all somehow sharing the same database across a private network like Network Sharing mapped hard drives what ever.

That way instead of a single machine's CPU being utilized to select update and insert it will load balance between multiple utilizing multiple servers resources in order to return the query results.

Thanks in advanced for reading this much appreciated for any help that can be provided on what I should go with and type of setup I require.

Best Answer

That topology will help scale reads. Is that what you need?

Writes must go to the Master, from which they will be 'replicated' to the Slaves. The Slaves will be readonly.

So, send any write, together with associated reads, to the Master. Send all other reads to a Slave in a round-robin way.

High CPU usually means you have a query that needs optimizing. Let's see such a query, plus SHOW CREATE TABLE.

Depending on what you say to those comments, we may move into talk of Galera Cluster.

Question 1

Does the DML operations committed by db2 during the replication process gets included in its own bin-log?

Answer to Question 1

Yes it will, provided you have this in /etc/my.cnf on both db1 and db2

[mysqld]
log-slave-updates

If you do not have this, add it and restart mysql

Question 2

Would the resulting bin-log in db2 be exactly the same with the bin-log of db1, to the letter?

Answer to Question 2

Yes. Make sure the clocks on both DB servers are synchronized

Question 3

What happens to the entries in db2 relay-log once they are committed to the database during the replication process, are they discarded? What role does the relay-log info log has in this?

Answer to Question 3

In MySQL Replication, the IO Thread of a Slave will read its Master's bin-log entries and store them in a FIFO queue. For each relay log in a slave, when every entry in the currently processed relay is executed it is rotated out and discarded. If relay logs are piling up, this quickly indicates that the SQL thread died because of any SQL error. Just do SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G to find out what stopped the SQL thread. The IO Thread would conitnue collecting completed SQL statements from its Master.

Question 4

How does db1 know where in the bin-log of db2 (somehow dependent on the answer of Question 2), it will start the replication process?

Answer to Question 4

When you do SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G, look for the following lines:

Master_Log_File : The latest binary log whose most recently command was copied to the Slave
Read_Master_Log_Pos : The latest position of the latest binary log whose most recently command was copied to the Slave
Relay_Master_Log_File : The latest binary log whose most recently command was executed on the Slave
Exec_Master_Log_Pos : The latest binary log whose most recently command was executed on the Slave
Relay_Log_Space : The sum total (in bytes) of all relay logs. By default, each relay log is the default size of a binary log (1G). If Relay_Log_Space starts to significant exceed 1G, this indicates one of two things:
- SQL thread died due to SQL Error
- SQL thread is busy with a long-running query

Question 4.1

If you enable log-slave-updates on both databases i.e. dB1 & dB2, then that would mean all items from the binary log of dB1, which was successfully replicated by dB2 will be written into dB2's binary log and vice-versa. Would not this result to some sort of infinite circular replication or duplications of entries on both databases, if it's possible at all, considering the possible key-collision issues that would arise? What I'm trying to say is, How would dB1 know once it checks on the binary log of dB2 that, "I should not replicate those entries in there because they all just came from me"?

Answer to Question 4.1

You must have log-slave-updates available on both DB servers in order to have an audit trail that the SQL executed on on DB server made it to the other. If you don't, you would have to do your due diligence to compare the data explicitly. Such ways would include:

Running CHECKSUM TABLE on every table you have in both DB servers to compare their contents.
Using pt-table-checksum, which is an automated version of running CHECKSUM TABLE between Master and one or more Slaves

You need not worry about infinite circular replication unless you are dealing with more that two masters. There have been rare times when someone with, let's say four Masters, removes one of the four servers from circular rep cluster. Let's suppose the the server_id is 13. It is remotely, but still, possible for binary log entries whose server_id belongs to the server that removed to be inside the relay logs on other servers. Only in such a scenario would you worry about infinite circular replication.

To circumvent such situations, MySQL 5.5 has a new option for the CHANGE MASTER TO command called IGNORE_SERVER_IDS. You would do the following to repair things on all the remaining servers:

STOP SLAVE;
CHANGE MASTER TO IGNORE_SERVER_IDS = (13);
START SLAVE;

In fact, here is what the MySQL Documentation says on this:

IGNORE_SERVER_IDS was added in MySQL 5.5. This option takes a comma-separated list of 0 or more server IDs. Events originating from the corresponding servers are ignored, with the exception of log rotation and deletion events, which are still recorded in the relay log.

In circular replication, the originating server normally acts as the terminator of its own events, so that they are not applied more than once. Thus, this option is useful in circular replication when one of the servers in the circle is removed. Suppose that you have a circular replication setup with 4 servers, having server IDs 1, 2, 3, and 4, and server 3 fails. When bridging the gap by starting replication from server 2 to server 4, you can include IGNORE_SERVER_IDS = (3) in the CHANGE MASTER TO statement that you issue on server 4 to tell it to use server 2 as its master instead of server 3. Doing so causes it to ignore and not to propagate any statements that originated with the server that is no longer in use.

Question 5

On INSERT queries on the master, what form of the query is written into the binary log? Is it the 'raw' form of the query, or the one which already has the auto-generated value of the auto-increment key?

Answer to Question 5

Whichever form is presented. Here is what I mean: The raw form would usually not include the auto_increment column expressed explicitly. On the other hand, it you import a mysqldump into a DB server with binary logging, the rows being inserted would explicitly be given. Either version of INSERT would be allowed execution in mysqld. In like fashion, either version of INSERT would be recorded AS IS...

Mysql – Do database servers need load balancing

If you want to have a solution for automated failover you could take a look at Galera replication with Galera load balancer up front of your servers. Galera will allow you to have a multi master cluster that uses the InnoDB storage engine. You can write and read to all servers. If you don’t want to use a load balancer you can make your database logic aware of multiple database servers and distribute load in the database abstraction logic.

Continuent also provide a really nice MySQL replication/clustering product (Tungsten), the basic software is free however the full clustering system costs money.

Memcached: You should always implement caching whenever possible and try to cache as much static or infrequently changing data as you can. This is another thing you can handle in your database abstraction logic.

Implementing a true multi master system using a software like Galera or Tungsten with Memcached can provide HA and speed if done correctly.