Like suggested elsewhere, you can drag the search text from the URL bar into some plain text view. However, one can also directly drag it into a (rich text) email or chat message. Or into Google's search field which is conveniently close to Safari's location bar:
(In previous versions, you could drag the magnifying glass icon; in 2016 versions just drag the search text like shown above.)
After dragging into Google's search field, the additional search text is already selected and focussed, ready for Command+C:
(In earlier versions, Safari's location bar will still have focus, and the URL in Google's search input will be gray, not blue. In those versions one could first hit Tab after searching to go into Google's search field, hit Delete to clear it, and then drag the icon. After that, the search field is ready for Command+C as well.)
The Share button to the right of the location bar can also share the URL, but probably only when messaging has been configured:
As an aside: the Google URLs include a lot of irrelevant things, specific to your browser, language, etc. Often, it's enough to use www.google.com#q=elvis+is+alive, or for image search www.google.com#tbm=isch&q=elvis+is+alive, but then one needs to change the spaces into plus-characters to ensure it's clickable. (And one also needs to percent-encode other special characters.) It would be nice if Google would provide some bare sharing link on its own site.
Assuming that everything's on the up-and-up with your ISP, this kind of behavior typically is a result of some connection failure between your ISP and Google ("Hmmm, I can't find Google, so I'll route this to our search engine instead.") - and in my experience it's most often due to DNS issues.
One easy way to figure out if it is due to DNS issues is change what DNS servers your network connects to. Two options are Google itself (8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 for IPv4 service or 2001:4860:4860::8888 and 2001:4860:4860::8844 for IPv6) or OpenDNS (208.67.222.222 and 208.67.220.220 for IPv4 or 2620:0:ccc::2 and 2620:0:ccd::2 for IPv6).
Depending on the current DNS servers your computer/network is currently using, you could even see faster lookup performance.
Best Answer
Unfortunately this is one of the small unnoticed things that I accepted to live with. This issue has been going on for years.
I tried to bypass the issue by installing an extension from the safari extension gallery that performs searches and those work for some time and the issues ultimately comes back again.
Edit:
As of Safari 13.0.1 in macOS Catalina, I don't experience that bug anymore, seems good so far