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As I have limited storage on my iPhone, can I delete photos from my iPhone and they will still remain on the iCloud? Or can they be accessed on my iPad which has more storage?
I think when I have deleted a picture on any device, they delete from the iPad as well (presumably through the iCloud).
You can achieve this in two ways:
Check the explanation Apple gives on the matter here: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204264
It's important to note that this will change the experience when browsing pictures on the Photo app a little bit, as each time you look at a picture in full screen it will begin downloading a bigger copy which will have a little delay; expect an increased use of your bandwidth and depending on your settings, of your data plan. Also, depending on the size of your Photo Library, you may fill the 5GB free plan and be asked to pay a monthly fee for an increase in your iCloud capacity.
The "Optimize [device] storage" setting, associated with iCloud Photo Library does not work instantly, so it may explain the behavior you describe. It needs to upload your originals to iCloud and then it may kick in only if you seem to need space on your device.
From an article on Macworld:
If you take a photo with your iPhone (or other iOS device) camera, iOS doesn’t downsample or optimize images or video until it’s uploaded it to iCloud Photo Library and the storage is needed on the iOS device.
Best Answer
As detailed in Apple's support article, you can disable iCloud Photo Library on your iOS device by tapping Settings > iCloud, and turning off "Photos".
Your photos will still remain in iCloud Photo Library but will be removed from your device.