IPhone – Connecting an iPhone to the internet Only with a Stand Apple USB Cable Without Jailbreak

This works well for iOS 10 and macOS 10.12:

• Can I share my iMac's internet to iPhone or iPad over USB??

You're not the first to ask this question. Searching with Google shows that it's been discussed here and here.

Unfortunately, iOS 9 and earlier do not support what you're describing.

You mention that you don't have a wireless card but perhaps you can share your internet connection wirelessly, through an Ad-Hoc network. I think that's the best way to go, honestly.

This doesn't work for internet:

[PC] --->--(USB)--->--> [iOS Device]

But this probably would, since the iOS device doesn't care, for the most part, where the WiFi is coming from:

[PC] --->--(WiFi)--->--> [iOS Device]

So, you might consider grabbing a wireless card for your PC. Alternatively, a jailbroken iPhone might be able to get more mileage with a USB cable than a vanilla one would.

Try checking out the iPhone: Trouble Shooting Personal Hotspot article. Specficially the USB Trouble Shooting information.

If you are using USB to connect your computer to Personal Hotspot and you are unable to get an Internet connection, check your computer's network settings. You may need to adjust your computer's network settings to disconnect and reconnect the USB Ethernet interface.

Open System Preferences > Network. Locate and select the Ethernet adapter listed, and then click the gear icon and choose Make Service Inactive. Then choose Make Service Active: