IOS – Sign out of all devices iCloud

In general, no. Apple won’t tell a consumer about another consumer’s details.

If you followed the advice of the email and changed your password after the time of the alert, then you have done what you need to secure your privacy.

In the past, Apple didn't send those emails and there was no easy way to know if someone had gotten a hold of your AppleID and your password for the ID.

It could be someone who is trying common passwords and stumbled across your account by chance to use it for fake reviews on the app store or it could be someone who you know and they guessed or were provided the password when you trusted them.

There's no way you can track things unless you were to get a law enforcement order sent to Apple's legal department and even then, you might not be able to get a satisfactory answer as to who accessed your account. That or a lawyer contacting Apple is the best way to get information about who may have your property to your credentials.

iOS doesn't use profiles.

The equivalent would be to set to Do Not Disturb, & set specific contacts to be allowed through.
Each contact can have a specific ringtone & text/iMessage alert tone, built-in or custom.

Other contacts can get through if you set to notify if they ring twice in quick succession, otherwise your phone just holds all incoming messages until you wish to view them; phone calls go to voicemail.