Companies can reserve an amount of money on a credit or debit card without actually charging it, to ensure that you can charge the card later when they need to. This is called an Authorization request to your credit card.
I expect that Apple are reserving a small amount of money when you register a card, and then releasing the reservation immediately, to make sure that the card is valid.
That might reduce your available credit by a small amount for a few days, if your card provider has bad IT systems, but it won't actually charge your account.
This is a standard practice that many companies explain in either their FAQS or T&C's.
From the BBCshop faq.
I have been charged for my order but it hasn't been despatched
Please be assured that here at the BBC Online Shop we do not charge
your credit or debit card until your order has been despatched from
our warehouse.
We send what is called an authorization request to your credit card
company. Your credit card company verifies that the card is valid and
that the amount of your transaction is available. If the card number
is valid and the funds are available, they put an authorization hold
on the funds. An authorization is only a hold on the funds for a
possible future transfer. This hold is temporary, and if the
transaction isn't settled it will expire without any action. It is not
a completed transaction and no funds are transferred at that time.
Your credit card company may still show a temporary authorization hold
on the funds after your transaction is completed. It can take several
working days for them to process the void on the authorization. The
time will vary from one company to the next. Unfortunately, many
customer service people at the card companies don't understand the
difference between a settled transaction and an authorization hold.
They will tell you that it was a valid transaction.
Barns & Noble FAQ.
Are there any differences in paying with a credit card versus a debit card?
The main difference is that most credit card companies first authorize
a customer's card when an order is placed, then actually charge the
account when the item is provided -- in our case, at the time we ship
your order. The only exception to this is digital purchases such as
NOOK Books, NOOK Newspapers, NOOK Magazines, and NOOK Apps—for these
items, the credit card account is charged immediately.
Most debit cards reserve funds from a customer's bank account at the
time of the original transaction. That amount, therefore, is
unavailable to you. When the order ships, the bank pays that debited
amount to BN.com. For digital purchases such as NOOK Books, the order
amount is immediately debited from the customer's bank account.
This issue is specific to your credit card details and Apple Developer Program Membership, and as such, may require an Apple Representative to investigate on your behalf.
The "purchase form" may be attached to a notification email that you have been sent from Developer Relations as a PDF, which can be printed off and faxed accordingly.
If you are unsure of where this form is, or have any other queries about your renewal, I would suggest that you visit the Contact section of the Apple Developer website and click on the Apple Developer Program Support link underneath the Enrollment and Account heading to get in touch with a Representative.
Best Answer
According to Apple iOS Developer website, only valid credit cards are accepted. Googling suggest attempted purchase using debit card didn't work, unfortunately.
It’s up to your bank to code whether the card is valid for Apple to charge in the region it decides to charge you for this product. Globally, many (if not most) debit cards will work for any Apple transaction, but some will not if your bank establishes a limit for transactions in the regional online store Apple uses for your transaction or otherwise restricts your card to local or country-specific ATM only. There are debit cards with very strict terms that will not work with Apple.