I have lost the prompt on Terminal on the Mac; unable to get commands to work

With AppleScript, you can do:

on run argv
    set command to item 1 of argv --you can customize this to be constant
    tell application "Terminal"
        activate
        do script (command & "; exit")
    end tell
end run

This will open Terminal and tell it to run a command (Your default settings need to close the window when the shell exits). To run this, just use osascript filename.scpt "$command_to_run"

Your prompt is messed up, specifically PS1:

PS1=$[\033]0;37m]

that's missing a lot of escape characters (\e[) needed for the colors (and most useful parameters for a PS1). That's also why you get the 37m in the terminal window title. Try setting it to something different by running:

export PS1="\e[0;31m[\h:\W \u]\$\e[m "

and see if that works. It should give a red (thats \e[0;31m) prompt showing hostname (\h), current working directory (\W) and logged in user (\u) inside brackets [] and the bash exit status of the previous command (\$). Note that at the end the color is reset to the default of the session with \e[m .

If the above worked, you only have to find out from which configuration file your "bad" PS1 comes from: look for an "export PS1=" line in ~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bashrc, (as M K already suggested in his answer) and put in the above version.

There are a lot of answers around here with helpful colors codes and inputs for configuring the PS1, like this one for example.